TERMS AND CONCEPTS

Active Immunity

The stimulation of the immune system via prolonged humoral or cellular response designed to mimic infection with little risk to the recipient

Passive Immunity

The administration of an antibody-containing preparation providing immediate yet transient protection lasting weeks to months

Live-attenuated

The type of vaccine that replicates in the host to induce a response identical to natural infection and usually requires fewer doses

Non-live or Inactivated

The type of vaccine that does not replicate in the host and whose immunity is less long-lasting, usually requiring boosters

HIV or steroid therapy

Two specific examples of immunocompromised states that serve as contraindications for live-attenuated vaccines

BCG, Oral Polio, MMR, Varicella, Rotavirus

Five examples of live-attenuated vaccines

Hepatitis B, DTaP, Hib, HPV, PCV, IPV

Six examples of non-live or inactivated vaccines

Intranasal

The administration route for the live attenuated influenza virus vaccine

10 to 15 degrees

The required angle for an intradermal vaccine administration such as BCG

45 degrees

The required angle for a subcutaneous vaccine administration such as MMR or Varicella

90 degrees

The required angle for an intramuscular vaccine administration

Anterolateral thigh

The recommended intramuscular injection site for infants and toddlers under 2 years of age

Deltoid

The recommended intramuscular injection site for children aged 2 years and older

1 inch

The minimum distance required to separate two different injection sites in the same limb

15 minutes

The recommended observation period after vaccine administration to monitor for anaphylaxis or syncope

Thimerosal

The mercury-derived preservative used in some multidose vials that has been proven to have no correlation with autism

28 days

The recommended minimum interval between two live-attenuated vaccines if they are not administered simultaneously

4 days

The grace period during which a vaccine dose is still considered valid if given before the minimum age or interval

Repeat the dose

The clinical action required if a vaccine dose is given 5 days or more before the minimum age or interval

Continue the series

The clinical action required if a vaccine series is lapsed or missed, rather than restarting from the beginning

Washed RBCs

The specific blood product that requires no interval or delay for the administration of live vaccines

3 to 4 months

The recommended delay for live vaccine administration after receiving hyperimmune globulins

11 months

The required delay for live vaccine administration after receiving high-dose IVIG for Kawasaki disease

Tdap, Influenza, COVID-19, RSV

The four vaccines recommended as routine for pregnant women

Contextual, Individual/Group, and Vaccine-specific

The three categories of influences in the WHO Determinants of Vaccine Hesitancy Matrix

Presumptive format

The communication strategy utilizing close-ended statements like Your child is due for several vaccines today to increase uptake

Cold chain

The system of transporting and storing vaccines within the recommended temperature range to maintain efficacy

2 to 8 degrees Celsius

The optimal storage temperature range for most vaccines

1976

The year the National Immunization Program, formerly known as EPI, was launched in the Philippines

BCG and DPT

The first two vaccines provided when the Philippine National Immunization Program was launched

BCG and Hepatitis B

The two vaccines administered at birth under the National Immunization Program

Pentavalent, PCV, and OPV

The three vaccines administered at 6, 10, and 14 weeks under the NIP for infants

14 weeks and 9 months

The two specific ages when the Inactivated Polio Vaccine is administered in the NIP

9 months and 1 year

The two specific ages when the MMR vaccine is administered in the NIP

Human Papillomavirus

The vaccine provided in the NIP for females to protect against cervical cancer

90 to 95 percent

The target vaccination coverage percentage required to reach herd immunity

59.9 percent

The 2022 reported percentage for a Fully Immunized Child in the Philippines

First 1000 days

The critical window from conception to age 2 where inadequate nutrition causes irreversible stunting

Triple burden

The malnutrition landscape consisting of undernutrition, hidden hunger, and overnutrition

Stunting

The measure of height-for-age indicating chronic malnutrition

Wasting

The measure of weight-for-height or BMI indicating acute malnutrition

Underweight

The measure of weight-for-age primarily used for acute malnutrition

GOTOIT

The Functional Medicine framework standing for Gather, Organize, Tell, Order, Initiate, and Track

ABCD

The pediatric nutrition assessment components: Anthropometry, Biochemical, Clinical, and Dietary

Weight for Length

The anthropometric parameter used for children less than 2 years of age to measure acute malnutrition

Weight for Height or BMI

The anthropometric parameter used for children aged 2 years and older to measure acute malnutrition

Acromion and Olecranon

The two anatomical landmarks used to find the midpoint for measuring Mid-upper Arm Circumference

11.5 centimeters

The MUAC cut-off below which a child is classified as having Severe Acute Malnutrition

Downward Z-score crossing

A warning sign in growth trends where a child's growth line crosses a major percentile line

Weight faltering

A fall in weight-for-age by 1 Z-score in a single month

21 days

The half-life of Albumin, which is also affected by inflammation

2 days

The half-life of Prealbumin, making it a better reflection of a patient's current nutritional status

Low albumin and high CRP

The biomarker combination indicative of malnutrition secondary to inflammation

Low albumin and low CRP

The biomarker combination indicative of pure malnutrition

Bilateral pitting edema

The clinical finding that automatically defines Severe Acute Malnutrition regardless of Z-scores

Kwashiorkor

The type of severe malnutrition characterized by the presence of edema

Marasmus

The type of severe malnutrition characterized by the absence of edema and a wasted appearance

50 to 70 percent

The starting percentage of caloric requirements for severely undernourished patients to avoid refeeding syndrome

Bitot’s spots

Foamy white spots on the conjunctiva indicative of Vitamin A deficiency

Cheilosis and Angular Stomatitis

Vertical cracks of the lips and flaky skin at the corners of the mouth indicative of B-complex deficiencies

Koilonychia

Spoon-shaped nails indicative of iron deficiency or Vitamin C deficiency

Acrodermatitis Enteropathica

A condition driven by zinc malabsorption resulting in growth failure, diarrhea, and skin lesions

24-hour Dietary Recall

An informal qualitative recall of all food and beverages consumed in the previous day

Pinggang Pinoy

The healthy food plate model used in the Philippines, tailored for specific age groups

GO

The Pinggang Pinoy group consisting of energy-giving carb-rich foods like rice and pasta

GROW

The Pinggang Pinoy group consisting of body-building foods like fish, meat, and eggs

GLOW

The Pinggang Pinoy group consisting of body-regulating fruits and vegetables

Antecedents

Factors that predispose a patient to disease, such as genetics or birth history

Triggers

Factors that activate or precipitate the onset of symptoms, such as infections or stressors

Mediators

Ongoing factors that perpetuate dysfunction, such as an inflammatory diet or sleep deprivation

5-2-1-0 Rule

The rule for healthy habits: 5 fruits/veg, 2 hours screen time, 1 hour play, 0 sugary drinks

Pincer grasp

The developmental milestone occurring at 7 to 10 months that allows for the introduction of chopped foods

6 months

The age until which WHO recommends exclusive breastfeeding

Whole milk

The type of milk transitioned to after 12 months of age

Division of Responsibility

The toddler feeding framework where the parent decides what, when, and where, while the child decides how much

8 to 15 times

The number of times a new food should be introduced to a child before they may accept it

Food Chaining

The systematic therapy technique where new foods are introduced by building on sensory properties of accepted foods

Tethered Oral Tissues

The term describing tight frena, such as tongue-tie, that impact oral function

Medical, Nutritional, Feeding Skills, and Psychosocial

The four domains of Pediatric Feeding Disorders

Ischemic heart disease

The leading cause of death in the Philippines as of 2025

74 percent

The percentage of all global deaths attributed to Non-Communicable Diseases according to WHO

6.5 years

The number of years by which life expectancy for men is lower than for women in the Philippines

INTERHEART

The study identifying 9 factors associated with 90 percent of the risk for acute myocardial infarction

8 to 14 mmHg

The expected reduction in Systolic Blood Pressure from following the DASH diet

5 to 20 mmHg

The expected SBP reduction per 10 kg of weight loss

150 minutes per week

The minimum amount of moderate-intensity aerobic activity recommended for adults

Group 1 carcinogens

The IARC classification for tobacco smoking, processed meat, and alcoholic beverages

Group 2A

The IARC classification for red meat, meaning it is probably carcinogenic

Ghrelin and Leptin

The two hormones that respectively increase and decrease with poor sleep, promoting obesity

7 to 9 hours

The recommended sleep duration for adults according to the National Sleep Foundation

Type, Amount, Frequency

The TAF framework for writing a nutrition prescription

BeBE LuCKS

The mnemonic for the 7 cancers reduced by physical activity: Bladder, Breast, Esophagus, Lung, Colon, Kidney, Stomach

Talk Test

The clinical method where a person in moderate activity can talk but not sing

1 set of 8 to 12 reps

The starting recommendation for resistance exercise sets and repetitions

4-7-8 Breathing

The relaxation technique involving inhaling for 4, holding for 7, and exhaling for 8 counts

2 servings for men, 1 for women

The daily alcohol limit to stay within moderate consumption

SMART Goals

The framework for goals that are Specific, Measurable, Attainable, Relevant, and Time-based

Kaizen

The approach focusing on small, atomic, and sustainable continuous improvement

Cue, Craving, Response, Reward

The four steps of the Habit Cycle

Implementation Intentions

The strategy using the format I will behavior at time in location