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What is the major function of the large intestine?
Absorption of water and electrolytes to produce semisolid feces (compaction of feces).
What are two minor functions of the large intestine?
Small amounts of digestion by resident bacteria.
Absorption of small amounts of nutrients and vitamins.
Where does the large intestine begin?
At the ileocecal valve.
How long is the large intestine and what does it frame?
1.5 meters (4.9 feet) long; frames the small intestine.
What is the function of the ileocecal valve?
Allows chyme to enter the cecum and prevents reflux of feces into the ileum.
What is the cecum and where is it located?
A pouch-like region in the right iliac fossa, first region of the large intestine.
What is the appendix and where is it typically found?
A blind-ended tube attached to the posterior/medial surface of the cecum.
Name the four regions of the colon.
Ascending colon, transverse colon, descending colon, sigmoid colon.
Where is the hepatic flexure located?
At the bend from ascending to transverse colon, just below the liver.
Where is the splenic flexure located?
At the bend from transverse to descending colon, near the spleen.
What is the sigmoid colon?
An S-shaped region that connects the descending colon to the rectum.
Describe the rectum's position.
A thin, pouch-like region descending along the inferior half of the sacrum.
What are rectal valves?
Internal flaps in the rectum.
What is the length and location of the anal canal?
A 3 cm long tube that passes through pelvic floor muscles to the perineum.
What are the muscles involved in defecation?
Internal anal sphincter (smooth muscle) and external anal sphincter (skeletal muscle).
What are teniae coli?
Three longitudinal strips of smooth muscle on the cecum and colon.
What are haustra?
Sacs formed along the large intestine due to teniae coli contractions.
What are epiploic appendages?
Pouches of visceral peritoneum with fat on the colon’s surface.
What are intestinal crypts?
Gland-like structures in the mucosa of the large intestine.
What types of cells line the large intestine?
Simple columnar epithelium with colonocytes and goblet cells.
What are colonocytes?
Absorptive cells that take in water and nutrients.
What are goblet cells and what do they secrete?
Mucus-secreting cells; the most abundant cell type in the large intestine.
What epithelial change occurs in the anal canal?
Transitions from simple columnar to stratified squamous epithelium.
Where are lymphoid nodules located in the large intestine?
In the lamina propria and submucosa.
What is notable about the muscularis externa of the large intestine?
Contains teniae coli, a thickened longitudinal smooth muscle layer.
What is the function of the serosa in the large intestine?
Contains epiploic appendages.
How is the appendix histologically different from the rest of the large intestine?
Contains more abundant MALT (mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue).