Design Thinking Unit 1 Exam

What is Illustrator used for?

line drawings (plan, section, elevation), vector based drawings

What is Photoshop used for?

photos and renderings, raster-based images

What is InDesign used for?

portfolios and documents

point

marks position in space, unmoving, center creates balance, perspective, person’s viewpoint

line

to link, intersect other elements, describe edges and give shape to planes, articulate surfaces of planes

plane

2D, length, width, shape

volume

3D, length, width, depth, form

primary shapes

square, circle, triangle

primary forms

cube, triangular prism, sphere

line weights and what they mean

thickest= cut line

thin= elevation

light= furniture, casework, fixtures

dash= overhead elements

dot= hidden elements

summer vs winter light

summer sun is higher, winter sun is lower (longer shadows)

drawing process

seeing- primary sense to make contact with the world, best developed

imagining- visual data received by the eye is processed, manipulated

representing- marks on surface to graphically represent what we see before us or what we imagine

reasons for drawing

makes you focus and understand the subject, use it to think (sketching), use it to communicate (clients, contractors, engineers), the language of design

Why do we use lines?

link, intersect other elements, describe edges and give shape to planes, articulate surfaces of planes, suggests movement, creates a path, different qualities, line weight communicates depth

shape vs form

shape= outlines figure or form

form= contact between mass and space, has shape, size, color, texture

form vs space

form= the stuff, thing, matter, object

space= the void, nothing, experience, non-stuff

solid vs void

solid= takes up space

voids= apertures

positive vs negative

positive is what takes up the space while negative space is the space left around the objects

figure/ground

figure= the object of focus

ground= background against which the figure is perceived

noli map

map of Rome remarkable for accuracy and is an example of the spatial equilibrium that occurs during the experience of a city

four characteristics of form

shape= characteristic outline of form

size= dimension (length, width, depth)

color= hue saturation

texture= visual and tactile quality of surface

sun path

rises in the east and sets in the west, located in the southern half of the sky

south facing receives the most daylight, west light=intense, east light is the softer morning light, north facing doesn’t receive direct light

lines are _______

linear (arranged in or extending along a straight or nearly straight line)

planes are _______

planar (relating to or in the form of a plane)

measure of volume

volumetric

Ma

Negative Space- pause or gap in between things, the silence

Three types of artificial light

ambient, task, accent

three types of light

direct- comes directly from the source, beam of light, for where we need lots of illumination

indirect- reflected off the surface, subtle, softer, “moody” space

diffuse- like a cloudy day, soft uniform illumination, good for art galleries where you don’t want shadows

color temperature

visual appearance of light, spectrum measured in Kelvin

0-2900k warm (restaurant)

3000k-4900k bright white

5000k-above cool light (lab)

perspective

how we experience life

vanishing point

all the lines converge to this point

horizon line

the line at eye level

vanishing line

diagonal guide lines

one point vs two point perspective

one point has elevation or square at the end (static spaces)

two point- looking at corner, good for dynamic spaces

additive vs subtractive form

additive- central piece, stuff is added to it (the linear, clustered, radial, symmetric forms)

subtractive- when there’s a designated space that gets carved away at to create spaces inside of it

daylight vs artificial light

daylight- vitamin D, energy efficiency, important for well being, respond to where natural light is coming from, different light shades throughout the day

artificial light- supplements daylight, designers have the most control (1900 major cities have electricity)

chiaroscuro

an art technique that uses strong contrasts between light and dark to create the illusion of depth, volume, and drama

vitruvius

a Roman architect and engineer during the 1st century BC, known for his multi-volume work titled De architectura (The 10 Books on architecture)

orthographic drawings

a method of representing a three-dimensional object using multiple flat, two-dimensional views from different perspectives

cut line

thick line drawn on floor plan or elevation to show where an imaginary slice has been made through a building to create a section view

rooms with voids

an architectural space that features an open, double-height vertical cutout connecting the lower and upper levels of a multi-story building (think living room in old house)

contrast

a clear and noticeable difference between two or more things

organizational strategies

1. centralized

2. linear

3. radial

4. clustered

5. grid

centralized form

static, a number of secondary forms clustered about dominant, central parent form (pantheon roof opening)

linear form

series of forms arranged sequentially in a row, typically uses axis to arrange spaces (thorn crown chapel)

radial form

composition of linear forms extending outward from an object

clustered form

collection of forms grouped together by proximity or the sharing of a common visual trait

grid form

set of modular forms related and regulated by a 3D grid

ordering principles

1. axis

2. symmetry

3. hierarchy

4. rhythm

5. datum

6. transformation

axis

line bounded by 2 points in space, becomes line of symmetry, fundamental way to think abt order

symmetry

axis creates, dividing line or plane

asymmetry

suggests movement and dynamism

hierarchy

differences exist among forms and spaces, degree of importance in space

rhythm

repetition in usually a pattern

datum

a line, plane, or volume that organizes random patterns of elements

how spaces relate to each other

function, proximity, path of movement

hierarchy by…

size, shape, placement

order

the arrangement or disposition of people or things in relation to each other according to a pattern, important because its pleasing and helps us understand the world around us; brings clarity, intention, system, meaning, concept, rationality