Module 1 Cells

Who is the father of microscopy?
What term did he coin?

Robert Hooke
coined the term CELL

What is the HIERARCHY of LIFE (Biological Org.) from small to large

Atom, Molecule,Cell, Tissue, Organ, Organ System, Organism, Population
Community, Ecosystem

Who is the father of microscopy?
What term did he coin?

Robert Hooke
coined the term CELL

What is the HIERARCHY of LIFE (Biological Org.) from small to large

Atom, Molecule,Cell, Tissue, Organ, Organ System, Organism, Population
Community, Ecosystem

How do CELLS differ?

- ability to move
- internal organization
- metabolic activity

What are the 4 major MACROMOLECULES that cells are comprised of?

1- Protein
2- Carbohydrates
3- Lipids
4- Nucleic Acid

What is CELL THEORY?

-all cells come from existing cells
-all organisms are composed of cells & cell products

We all developed from a single cell called what?

Zygote

How many cells do we have?

100 trillion cells

What is the difference between PROKARYOTIC & EUKARYOTIC cells?

Prokaryotic = NO Nucleus

Eukaryotic = Has Nucleus

What are 3 MAIN PARTS of a cell?

- Plasma Membrane
- Cytoplasm
- Nucleus

What is another word for Plasma Membrane?

plasmalemma

What type of bilayer forms the membrane?

phospholipid bilayer

What are PHOSPHOLIPIDS composed of?

2 fatty acid chains = hydroPHOBIC

A Phosphate group = hydroPHILIC

Where are proteins embedded?

In MEMBRANES

What does the word "FLUID" refer to in membrane?

molecules move freely in membrane

What does the word "MOSAIC" refer to in membrane?

different proteins exist in membrane

What is the difference between INTEGRAL & PERIPHERAL proteins?

INTEGRAL= span entire width, have both hydrophilic & hydrophobic regions

PERIPHERAL= do not span entire membrane. loosely associated protein or lipid molecules

What does SELECTIVELY PERMIABLE membranes allow?

-allow some substances to cross easily
-block passages of some substances all together

What is the DIFFUSION? What type of transport is diffusion?

-The movement of molecules from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration.

-passive transport

What is OSMOSIS?

passive transport of WATER across a membrane

What are 3 types of ENDOCYTOSIS?

1- Phagocytosis=solid
2- Pinocytosis=liquid
3- Receptor=mediated endocytosis

How are PHAGOCYTOSIS & PINOCYTOSIS different?

PHAGOCYTOSIS =cellular eating/solid

PINOCYTYOSIS= cellular drinking / liquid (ECF) extra cellular fluids

How do proteins play a role in EXOCYTOSIS?

-mechanism moves substance out of cell (VESICLE)
-proteins from vesicle bind to membrane proteins-mechanism moves

What are 3 major elements of CYTOPLASM?

1. cytosol
2. organelles
3. inclusions

What is CYTOSOL? made out of?

-jelly like fluid - containing substances within the cell. (suspends organelles

-water, ions, and enzymes

What happens in cytosol fluid?

cellular metabolic processes like:
-glycolysis (the first stage of cellular respiration)
-protein synthesis (translation), and signal transduction

List 9 ORGANELLES

1-Ribosome
2-Rough ER
3-Smooth ER
4-Golgi Apparatus
5-Mitochondria
6-Lysosomes
7-Peroxisomes
8-Cytoskeleton
9-Centrioles

What are RIBOSOMES the site of?

protein synthesis

What is the difference between ROUGH & SMOOTH Endoplasmic Reticulum?

ROUGH ER

-dots (cisternae)

-makes membrane

-makes ALL membrane protein

SMOOTH ER

-No dots

-no ribosomes

-no protein

-Stores Calcium & Enzymes

What does smooth ER lack?

-surface ribosomes
- no proteins

What does the golgi apparatus sort?

-packaging & shipping center
-sorts products from rough ER at cis end & sends to proper destination of trans end.

What does MITOCHONDRIA generate?
via what cellular process?

-generate cell's energy (ATP)
-via cellular respiration

What is the membrane of mitochondria like?

-double membrane/shelf-like cristae

-contains own DNA

What do LYSOSOMES contain? What does the demolition crew do?

- contain digestive enzymes
-breakdown macro molecules

Where are secretory lysosomes found?

found in white blood cells, immune cells & melanocytes

What do PEROXISOMES participate in?
What do membranous sacs contain?

- participate in metabolism of fatty acids & other metabolites

- membranous sacs contain OXIDASES & CATALASE

What do PEROXISOMES detoxify?

-breakdown long chain of fatty acids
-harmful toxins/substances

What do PEROXISOMES neutralize?

free radicals

What does the CYTOSKELETON provide?

-mechanical support to cell
-maintains shape
-provides machinery for cellular movement

What 3 types of protein rods does cytoskeleton contain?

1-Microtubules
2-Microfilaments
3-Intermediate Filaments

Which is the thickest & thinnest protein rod of cytoskeleton?

THICKEST = Microtubules

THINNEST = Microfilaments

What are MICROTUBULES?

-cylindrical structures (tubulin)
- radiate from centrosome (cell center)

What are MICROFILAMENTS?

-actin filaments interact with myosin
-perform endo & exocytosis

What are INTERMEDIATE FILAMENTS?
What do they resist?
What do they provide?

-protein fibers/most stable & permanent
-resist pulling forces
-provide tensile strength

What is the CENTROSOME composed of?

centrosome matrix (outer cloud) & centrioles

What do CENTRIOLES organize?

mitotic spindle during mitosis

What are the 3 parts of NUCLEUS?

1-Nuclear Envelope
2-Nucleolus
3-Chromatin

What is the NUCLEOLUS site of?

site of ribosome sub-unit

Which basis of DNA are purines?

A & G
(Adenine & Guanine)

Which basis of DNA are pyramides?

C & T
(Cytosine & Thyamine)

What pairs have more hydrogen bonds?

C & G (Cytosine & Guanine)
3 hydrogen bonds

What is CHROMATIN composed of?

DNA & histone proteins

What is condensed chromatin?

tightly coiled DNA

What are CHROMOSOMES?

-highest level of chromatin
-contains long molecules of DNA

What is the central dogma of molecular biology?

DNA -> RNA -> Protein

How do cells reproduce?

cellular division

After cell division the resulting daughter cell are ________?

genetically identical

CHROMOSOMES are made up of what?

chromatin which is made up of DNA & Protein Molecules

How many chromosomes do you have?

46 (23 pairs)

What two copies are called SISTER CHROMATIDS?

chromosome duplication before cell division

What are the two distinct phases of CELL CYCLE?

1-Interphase (90%)
2-Mitotic Phase (10%)

What phase do cell spend 90% of there time in?

Interphase

Describe the following Stages of CELL CYCLE?
G1-S-G2-M-C

G1 = Growth
S = Synthesis
G2 = Growth
M = Mitosis
C = Cytokinesis

What are the 4 distinct phases of MITOSIS

1. Prophase
2. Metaphase
3. Anaphase
4. Telophase

What happens to chromosomes in PROPHASE?

Chromosomes attach to one another by centromere

What disappears during PROPHASE?

nuclear envelope disappears

Sister Chromatids cluster where in METAPHASE? This plane in the middle is called what?

- chromosomes line up in the middle
- along metaphase plate

What happens to centromeres during ANAPHASE

-centromeres of sister chromatids split
-each become a chromosome again

What forms around separated Sister Chromatids during TELOPHASE?

-new nuclear envelope
- mitosis is complete (need one more step for completion)

CYTOKINESIS is the division of what?

division of cytoplasm

What cells make a protein component of fibers?What cells make a protein component of fibers?

fibroblast

What is an EPITHELIAL CELL?

-hexagonal shape
-allow max. number of epithelial cells to pack together

What is the largest cell in the body?

oocyte (female)

What Cell has long tail & swim to egg?

Sperm (male)