human nutrition exam 1

0.0(0)
studied byStudied by 0 people
0.0(0)
full-widthCall with Kai
GameKnowt Play
New
learnLearn
examPractice Test
spaced repetitionSpaced Repetition
heart puzzleMatch
flashcardsFlashcards
Card Sorting

1/155

encourage image

There's no tags or description

Looks like no tags are added yet.

Study Analytics
Name
Mastery
Learn
Test
Matching
Spaced

No study sessions yet.

156 Terms

1
New cards

nutrition as a science

how living organisms obtain and use food to support bodily porcesses

2
New cards

RDs

licensed nutrition professionals

3
New cards

nutritional sciencetist

conduct and evaluate nutrition research

they work in academic and social nutrition science

4
New cards

nutrients

something used by the body for energy and maintenance and regulation of chemical precesses

5
New cards

essential nutrients

must be obtained in the diet

6
New cards

nonessential nutrients

do not need in the diet

body can make enough to satisfy physiological requirements

7
New cards

conditionally essential nutrients

only needed in some circumstances, usually nonessential nutrients

8
New cards

protein

macronutrient, 4 kcal/g

9
New cards

CHO

macronutrient, 4 kcal/g

10
New cards

lipids

macronutrient, 9 kcal/g

11
New cards

alcohol

7 kcal/g

12
New cards

micronutrients

vitamins and minerals

13
New cards

phytochemicals

from plants, substances that offer some benefit to human health

14
New cards

zoonutrients

from animals, substances that are thought to have a benefit to human health

15
New cards

functional foods

essential nutrient, phytochemical or zoonutrients that is thought to have a benefit to human health

16
New cards

bomb calorimeter

measures caloric content

17
New cards

scientific method

observe, hypothesize, test

18
New cards

cause and effect (causal relationships)

when a alteration in one variable causes a change in another

19
New cards

correlation

when a change in one variable is related to a change in another

20
New cards

positive correlation

an association between factors where and changes are similar/related

-watching tv and obesity

21
New cards

negative correlation (inverse)

changes in variables are in opposite direction

22
New cards

pseudoscience

ideas, claims, practices that are presented as scientific and credible but lack evidence and are not based on the scientific method

-cherry picked data

-lack reliability

23
New cards

atoms

fundamental units of the world around us

protons, newtons, electrons

24
New cards

cations

ions with a positive charge

25
New cards

anions

ions with negative charge

26
New cards

element

substance made of one type of atom

27
New cards

how many elements total

92

28
New cards

how many essential elements

20

most common are C, O, H, N, Ph

29
New cards

macromolecules

large molecules of many atoms

30
New cards

effect of acid-base in the body

diseases can disrupt this in the body, very bad

31
New cards

acid base balance

water molecules can dissociate into their ionic compounds (H+ and OH-)

32
New cards

pH scale

based on ionization of water

0-14, acidic-basic

33
New cards

more H+

more acidic

34
New cards

more OH-

more basic

35
New cards

cell membrances

selectively permeable

36
New cards

passive transport

no ATP

37
New cards

active transport

need ATP

38
New cards

simple diffusion

substances more down concentration gradient

39
New cards

faciliated diffusion

substances more down concentration gradient with help to protein channel

40
New cards

osmsis

movement of water from area with low solute concentration to high solute concentration until balance is reached

41
New cards

carrier mediated transport

substances move from up concentration gradient with help of transport protein

42
New cards

vesicular mediated transport

large molecules move into or out of the cell against gradient enclosed by a vesicle

43
New cards

endocytosis

cell membrane surrounds extracellular substance and releases it into the cytoplasm

44
New cards

exocytosis

intracellular products are enclosed in a residue and released outside the cell 

45
New cards

buffer

substance that releases or binds to H+ to resist pH change

46
New cards

condenstation

joining of molecules with creates water

47
New cards

hydrolysis

use of water to split compounds

48
New cards

chemical bonds

attractive force between atoms formed by transfer or sharing of e-

49
New cards

molecule

substances held together by chemical bonds

50
New cards

oxidation

loss of electrons, becomes more positive 

51
New cards

reduction

gain of electrons, becomes more negative

52
New cards

oxidation-reduction

one molecule gains e- and another loses e- at the same time

53
New cards

GI tract

tube from mouth to anus

54
New cards

GI organs

mouth, esophagus, pancreas, stomach, SI and LI

55
New cards

GI accessory organs

salivary glands, pancreas, liver, biliary ducts, gallbladder

56
New cards

digestion

physical and chemical breakdown of food into nutrients

57
New cards

absorption

passage of nutrients through the lining of the GI tract into the blood or lymphatic fluid

58
New cards

egestion

elimination of waste from the body

59
New cards

mucosa

innermost layer of the Gi tract, made of epithelial cells

makes GI secretions

needs constant blood flow and nutrient supply due to fast cell turnover rate

60
New cards

GI secretions

substances released by the digestive organs to facilitate the digestion process

61
New cards

submucosa

layer between the mucosal lining and muscle

contain blood vessel, lymphatic vessels, has nerve innervation

62
New cards

muscularis

smooth muscle, contains nerves that help with contraction and relaxation

63
New cards

serosa

connective tissue enclosing the GI tract

secretes fluid that lubricates to digestive organs

64
New cards

transit time

24-72 hours from mouth to anus

65
New cards

Gi motility

mixing and propulsive movements of the GI tract that more chyme

66
New cards

segmentation

moving of contents back and forth in a small region

67
New cards

penstalsis

waves of contracts that move contents in a forwards direction

68
New cards

digestive enzymes

biological catalysts

create hydrolysis

69
New cards

exocrine cells

produce and secrete into ducts that empty directly into the lumen of the GI tract

  • goblet cells are an example

70
New cards

acinar cells

in the pancreas

produce and secrete enzymes into the SI

71
New cards

enteric nervous system

neurons within the submuscosa and GI muscle of the digestive tract

controls smooth muscle, release of GI secretion

receives input in the sensory receptors in the GI tract

72
New cards

sensory receptors

monitor condition and changes in pH

73
New cards

chemoreceptors

responds to chemical stimulus

74
New cards

mechanoreceptors

responds to pressure, stretching, mechanical stimulus

75
New cards

endocrine glands

produce and releases hormones into the blood

causes changes in motility and GI secretions

76
New cards

GI hormones

secreted by mucosal lining, regulate GI motility and secretions

can communicate with the appetite center in the brain

77
New cards

secretin

produced in the Si

inhibits GI motility

stops secretion of gastric juice

stimulated release of pancreatic juice

stimulated by arrival a chyme in the duedemum

78
New cards

ghrelin

produced by the stomach stimulates hunger in the brain

released when stomach is empty

79
New cards

gastric inhibitory peptide

produced in the Si

stop gastric emptying

stimulus is when food flows from the stomach to the SI

80
New cards

gastrin

produced in the stomach

stimulates GI motility

secretes gastric juice, increases gastric motility

stimuli are= food in the stomach, stretching of the stomach, alcohol, caffeine, smell.taste of food

81
New cards

cholestokinin (CCK)

produced in the SI

stimulates gallbladder to contract and release bile

stimulates release of pancreatic enzymes to SI

stimuli is the arrival of partially digested protein and fat from the duodenum

82
New cards

glucagon-like peptide (GLP-1)

produced in the SI and LI and stops gi motility, slows gastric emptying, reduces appetite

stimuli is the flow of food from the stomach to SI

83
New cards

cephalic phase

CNS response to sensory stimuli (taste, smell, sight)

before food enters the GI tract it increases GI motility and release of GI secretions

84
New cards

gastric phase

food in stomach

increase in GI motility and release of Gi secretions

85
New cards

intestinal phase

chyme enters the SI

decrease in gastric motility and decrease in gastric juice secretion

86
New cards

mastication

chewing and grinding of food in the mouth by the teeth

87
New cards

bolus

soft, moist, chewed food

88
New cards

saliva

released by the salivary glands, moistens food and starts digestion of carbs

contains water, mucus, enzymes and antibacterial agents

89
New cards

phanyx

the area in the back of the mouth in between the oral and nasal cavity

90
New cards

voluntary swallowing

in the mouth

91
New cards

involuntary swallowing

in the pharynx

bolus continues down the esophagus

92
New cards

dysphagia

difficulty swallowing

caused by skeletal muscle disorders

93
New cards

esophagus

passageway from the pharynx to the stomach

ends at the gastroesophageal sphincter

94
New cards

GERD

weakening of the gastroesophageal sphincter causes acid reflux

95
New cards

stomach

3 regions- fundus, body, antrum

starts with the gastroesophageal sphincter and ends with the pyloric sphincter

stores food temporarily, produces gastric secretions, mixes food

96
New cards

rugae

folds of the inner stomach, allows for stomach stretching

97
New cards

empty stomach capacity

¼ cup

98
New cards

full stomach capacity

16 cups

99
New cards

gastric pits

infoldings of the muscoal linging that hold endo and exocrine cells

100
New cards

gastric juice

digestive fluid made by exocrine cells

made of water, enzymes, mucus, and intrinsic factor