Dental Morphology & Occlusion Exam 1 Material

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Maxillary

Reference to teeth in the upper arch

Mandibular

Reference to teeth in the lower arch

Midline

Imaginary vertical line which divides each arch and body into two equal halves (right and left halves)

Mid-sagittal plane

two-dimensional plane dividing the body into two halves (right and left halves)

Quadrants

The two approximately equal portions of each arch divided by the midline 

Maxillary right (Q1)

Maxillary left (Q2)

Mandibular left (Q3)

Mandibular right (Q4)

What are the different quadrants?

Occlusion

The manner in which the mandibular teeth contact the maxillary teeth

Mastication

The process of biting or chewing of food

Heterodont (humans are this)

Dentition that is comprised of different types, or classes, of teeth to perform different functions

Homodont

Dentition in which all of the teeth are the same in form and type

Diphyodont

Dentition that has two separate sets of teeth

Deciduous dentition

The teeth of the first or primary dentition

Permanent dentition

The teeth of the second or adult dentition

Monophyodont

Dentition in which there is only one set of teeth

Polyphyodont

Dentition in which there are more than two sets of teeth or continuous sets of teeth developed throughout life

• Incisors (2) – named central and lateral incisors

• Canine (1) – or cuspid

• Molars (2) – named first and second molars

What teeth does each quadrant of a human’s deciduous dentition contain?

• Incisors (2) – named central and lateral incisors

• Canine (1) – or cuspid

• Premolars (2) – or bicuspids, named first and second premolars

• Molars (3) – named first, second, and third molars

What teeth does each quadrant of a human’s permanent dentition contain?

central and lateral

What are the two different incisors?

cuspids

What is another name for Canines?

bicuspids

What is another name for Premolars?

Anterior teeth (include the incisors and canines for both deciduous and permanent dentition)

Teeth in either arch which are toward the front of the mouth

Posterior teeth

The teeth in either arch which are toward the back of the mouth 

Includes the two molars in each quadrant

What posterior teeth are included in deciduous dentition?

Includes both premolars and molars

What posterior teeth are included in permanent dentition?

• The period in which only deciduous teeth are present

• Usually between 6 months to 6 years of age

What is the Primary dentition period?

• The period during which both deciduous and permanent teeth are present

• Usually 6 years to 12 years of age

What is the mixed dentition period?

• The period when only permanent teeth are present

• Usually 12 years of age through the rest of life

What is the permanent dentition period?

• The shedding of primary dentition to allow for eruption of permanent into the same area

Define exfoliation

• The natural process by which deciduous roots are ‘melted away’ to allow for exfoliation

Define resorption

Resorption is the process that “preps” to allow for exfoliation to happen

What is the difference in exfoliation and resorption?

succedaneous

Permanent teeth that replace exfoliated deciduous teeth

• A number and letter designation of the various types of teeth found in a dentition

• Indicates the dentition of only one side of the mouth

• Must be multiplied by a factor of two to provide the number of teeth in the entire dentition 

What is the dental formula? How is it used?

Dental Formula for Deciduous Dentition

Dental Formula for Permanent Dentition

• A – apex of root

•  R – root

• CL – cervical line (CEJ)

• C – crown

• IE – incisal edge

Identify the parts of the tooth indicated

Anatomical Crown

Portion of the tooth which is covered by enamel

Clinical crown

Portion of the tooth which is visible in the mouth

Anatomical crown has a hard definition and doesn’t change, while clinical crown can change because it is what you are observing (gingiva can cover more or less of the anatomical crown)

What is the difference in a clinical and anatomical crown?

Anatomical root

Portion of the tooth which is covered with cementum

Clinical root

Portion of the tooth which is not visible in the mouth

The hard, mineralized tissue which covers the dentin of the anatomical crown of the tooth

What is enamel?

Hard tissue which forms the main body of the tooth

What is dentin?

Layer of hard, bonelike tissue which covers the dentin of the anatomical root of a tooth

What is cementum?

Cemento-enamel junction (CEJ) or Cervical Line

The identifiable line around the external surface of a tooth where the enamel and cementum meet

Cemento-enamel junction/Cervical Line

What separates the anatomical crown and the anatomical root

Dentino-enamel junction (DEJ)

Internal line of meeting of the dentin and enamel in the anatomical crown of a tooth

• The living soft tissue which occupies the pulp cavity of a vital tooth

• It contains the tooth’s nutrient supply in the form of blood vessels, as well as nerve supply

What is the pulp and what does it do?

Pulp cavity

The entire internal cavity of a tooth which contains the pulp

Portion of the pulp cavity which is located in the root(s) of the tooth, and may also be called the root canal(s)

What are the pulp canals?

The enlarged portion of the pulp cavity which is found mostly in the anatomical crown of the tooth

What is the pulp chamber?

• The usually pointed incisal or occlusal elongations of the pulp chamber which often correspond to the cusps, or lobes of the teeth

What is the pulp horn?

Alveolar process

The entire bony entity which surrounds and supports all the teeth in each jaw 

The bony socket, or portion of the alveolar process, into which an individual tooth is set.

What is the alveolus?

Periodontal ligament

The fibrous attachment of the tooth cementum to the alveolar bone

The fibrous tissue enclosed by mucous membrane that covers the alveolar processes and surrounds the necks of the teeth (aka gums)

What is gingiva(e)?

The tooth surface toward the midline

Define mesial

The tooth surface away from the midline

Define distal

The surface of the tooth toward the tongue

Define lingual

The surface of an anterior tooth toward the lips

Define labial

The surface of a posterior tooth toward the cheek

Define buccal

The surface of the tooth toward the lips or cheeks

May be used for either the labial surface of anterior teeth or the buccal surface of posterior teeth

Define facial

The biting edge of the anterior teeth

Aka – incisal ridge

What is the Incisal edge?

Occlusal

Chewing surface of posterior teeth

4 surfaces:

• Mesial

• Distal

• Labial

• Lingual

How many surfaces do anterior teeth have and what are they?

There is one, the Incisal edge

How many edges do anterior teeth have?

5 surfaces:

• Mesial

• Distal

• Lingual 

• Buccal

• occlusal

How many surfaces do posterior teeth have and what are they?

(Named exactly like the surfaces of crowns)

• Mesial

• Distal

• Lingual

• Labial or buccal

What are the names of the root surfaces?

Apex

The termination or tip of the root 

Proximal

Refers to any surface between two teeth

The area of the mesial or distal surfaces of a tooth that touches its neighbor in the arch

What is contact area?

The line or angle formed by the junction of two crown surfaces

What is a line angle?

eight

There are _____ line angles on each tooth

The point which is the junction of three crown surfaces

What are point angles?

four

There are _____ point angles on each tooth

• Mesiolabial

• Mesiolingual

• Distolabial

• Distolingual

• Labioincisal

• Linguoincisal

• Mesioincisal

• distoincisal

What are the line angles of anterior teeth?

• Mesiobuccal

• Mesiolingual

• Distobuccal

• Distolingual

• Bucco-occlusal

• Linguo-occlusal

• Disto-occlusal

• Mesio-occlusal

What are the line angles of posterior teeth?

• Mesiolabioincisal

• Mesiolinguoincisal

• Distolabioincisal

• distolinguoincisal

What are the point angles of anterior teeth?

• Mesiobucco-occlusal

• Mesiolinguo-occlusal

• Distobucco-occlusal

• Distolinguo-occlusal

What are the point angles of posterior teeth?

• Labial third (buccal third)

• Middle third

• Lingual third

What are the vertical divisions of a crown from a proximal view?

• Distal third

• Middle third

• Mesial third

What are the vertical divisions of a crown from a lingual view?

• Incisal third

• Middle third

• Cervical third

What are the horizontal divisions of a crown (incisor)?

occlusal

middle

cervical

What are the horizontal divisions of a crown (posterior tooth)?

• Cervical third

• Middle third

• Apical third

What are the Horizontal divisions of a root?

An elevation or mound on the crown portion of a tooth making up a divisional part of the occlusal surface

Define cusp

occlusal surfaces

Cusps form the bulk of the ___________ ______________ of posterior teeth

No

Do incisors possess cusps?

Incisors: none
Canine: 1 (cuspid)
Premolars: 2-3 cusps
Molars: 4 or more

List how many cusps the different kinds of teeth have.

cusp

A _________ forms the incisal portion of the canine crowns

A smaller elevation on some portion of the crown produced by an extra formation of enamel

image: the cusp of carabelli

What is a tubercle?

Tubercles are usually smaller than cusps and are deviations from the typical form

What is the difference in tubercles and cusps?

lingual surface of maxillary teeth
lingual surface of maxillary molars

• the cusp of carabelli (maxillary first molar)

What are common locations of tubercles?

• large rounded eminence on the lingual surface of all anterior teeth

• found in both permanent and deciduous dentition

• encompasses the entire cervical third of the lingual surface

Define cingulum

any linear elevation on the surface of a tooth and is named according to its location

What is a ridge?

• marginal ridge

• triangular ridge

• transverse ridge

• oblique ridge

• cusp ridge

List the specific types of ridges.

The rounded boarder of the enamel that form the mesial and distal margins of the occlusal surfaces of premolars and molars

Describe the marginal ridge on posterior teeth

The rounded borders of the enamel that form the mesial and distal margins of the lingual surfaces of the incisors and canines

Describe the marginal ridge on anterior teeth

Triangular ridge (the slopes of each side of the ridge are inclined to resemble two sides of a triangle)

These descend from the tips of the cusps of molars and premolars toward the central part of the occlusal surfaces

They are named after the cusps for which they belong (ex. the triangular ridge of the distobuccal cusp of the mandibular second molar)

How do you name triangular ridges?

The union of two triangular ridges crossing transversely across the surface of a posterior tooth

What is a transverse ridge?

ridge crossing obliquely the occlusal surfaces of (only) maxillary molars

What is an oblique ridge?