Hematology and Perioperative Nursing Review

Vocabulary practice flashcards covering manifestations and treatments for anemias, leukemias, preoperative safety, and hypovolemic shock based on the lecture transcript.

Pancytopenia

A condition resulting from damage to stem cells in the bone marrow, leading to low levels of red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets.

Aplastic Anemia

A rare and serious blood disorder where the bone marrow fails to produce enough new blood cells, often leading to pancytopenia.

Sickle Cell RBC Lifespan

The reduced duration that sickled red blood cells survive in the body, which is approximately $10$ to $20$ days compared to the normal $120$ days.

Postthrombotic Syndrome

A long-term complication of DVT caused by damage to the valves within the vein, manifesting as pain, swelling, discoloration, or ulcers.

Anemic Hypoxia

A specific state of cellular oxygen deficiency caused by low red blood cell count, reduced hemoglobin levels, or dysfunctional hemoglobin.

Pernicious Anemia

An autoimmune disorder characterized by the destruction of gastric parietal cells, leading to a lack of intrinsic factor and subsequent vitamin B12 deficiency.

Intrinsic Factor

A protein essential for the absorption of vitamin B12 in the terminal ileum; its absence prevents proper B12 absorption even with sufficient intake.

Heme Iron

Iron found in animal-based products such as red meats, turkey, chicken, and fatty fish, which the body absorbs more readily than plant-based sources.

Nonheme Iron

Iron obtained from plant-based foods like fortified cereals, dark leafy green vegetables, beans, lentils, tofu, and raisins.

Hypovolemic Shock Class IV

An extreme medical emergency involving blood loss greater than $40\%$ (over $2,000\,mL$), severe tachycardia, profound hypotension, and unresponsiveness.

Paralytic Ileus

A functional failure of the gut's peristalsis causes food, gas, and fluids to accumulate; it is a temporary paralysis of intestinal muscles rather than a physical blockage.

Cell Salvage

A form of autologous blood transfusion involving the systematic collection and return of a client's own spilled blood during trauma or surgery.

Autologous Transfusion

A procedure where a client's own blood is collected and stored, typically at least $7$ days before a scheduled surgery, for use only by that specific client.

Chronic Phase CML

The initial stage of chronic myelogenous leukemia where blast cells make up less than $10\%$ of the bone marrow and blood.

Accelerated Phase CML

The stage of chronic myelogenous leukemia characterized by having $10\%$ to $19\%$ blast cells in the bone marrow and blood.

Blastic Phase CML

The stage of chronic myelogenous leukemia where $20\%$ or greater of the cells in the bone marrow and blood are blast cells.

Blastic Crisis

A clinical determination made if a client in the blastic phase of CML develops a fever, splenic enlargement, or profound fatigue.

Lymphedema

A chronic condition caused by damage or blockage of the lymphatic system, resulting in the buildup of lymph fluid in soft tissues, usually the arms or legs.

Malignant Hyperthermia (MH)

A life-threatening genetic disorder triggered by certain inhaled anesthetic medications and succinylcholine during surgery.

ASA Guidelines for Clear Liquids

The minimum fasting period required by the American Society of Anesthesiologists allowing clear liquids up to $2$ hours preprocedure.

Petechiae

Small red or purple spots on the skin which are a clinical manifestation of Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia (ALL).

Down Syndrome (Trisomy 21)

A genetic condition associated with a significantly higher risk of developing Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia (ALL), particularly in early childhood.

Splenomegaly

A common clinical finding in CML that may cause early satiety, left upper quadrant discomfort, or rare splenic rupture.

Iron Supplement Administration

Should be taken on an empty stomach due to low gastric pH facilitating absorption, and avoided with antacids which interfere with uptake.

Vitamin C and Nonheme Iron

Nutrition research suggests consuming vitamin C-rich foods (like citrus or tomatoes) alongside nonheme iron sources improves absorption.

Hypovolemic Shock Class III

A state where blood loss reaches $30\%$ to $40\%$ ($1,500$ to $2,000\,mL$), compensatory mechanisms fail, and systolic blood pressure drops.

QSEN

Quality and Safety Education in Nursing; safety is one of its six core competencies, covering both client and clinical team safety.

Ferrous Sulfate

An inexpensive oral iron supplement used for iron deficiency; therapeutic effects are seen within $14$ days, but it is typically continued for $3$ months.

Risk factors for developing B12 deficiency

Certain Meds, Gastric bypass surgery, long vegan diets, alcohol abuse

Paresthesia in only in what Deficiency

vitamin B12 deficiency.

Bariatric Surgery Complication

Procedures like Roux-en-Y gastric bypass can lead to vitamin B12 deficiency by removing stomach parts that produce intrinsic factor.

B12 anemia manifestations

pallor, SOB, Dizzyness, Fatigue, tingling, and memory issues.

Iron deficiency anemia signs

Low Hemoglobin(hgb), Fatigue, Dizzyness, SOB, Chest pain, Headache, pallor

Client has low HGB, abdominal pain, heavy messturation fluctuating BP. Assume they may have….

iron deficiency anemia, evidenced by low HGB

Client states they suffer from “Heart beats out of chest“ “Dizzy and headaches” “feeling very tired“ ““SOB even while resting“ lab results 10 HGB

Iron deficiency anemia

Stroke risk factors

Atrial fib, Diabetes Mellitus, Hypertension, AgingSmoking, heart diseases, and Obesity

Thromboembolism can cause

Myocardial Infarction OR Pulmonary Embolism

Deep vein thrombosis can cause

Thromboembolism, pain, swelling, and redness in the affected limb.

Atrial Fibrillation is

irregular heart rhythm

Why do sickle cell anemic clients have pain crises

The RBCs are shaped like a “C“ and sticky. They clump and cause blockages of blood through in body the blood vessels, leading to reduced oxygen delivery and pain.

Gastric bypass surgery causes b12 deficncys because

Surgery bypasses the area that produces intrinsic factor which is needed for b12 absorption

Improtance of ambulating after surgery

Helps prevent blood clots, promotes circulation, and aids in bowel function.

Patient reports weight loss, diarrhea, difficulty ambulating, memory changes, vision deficits. WHAT is there deficency

B12

Someone in assisted living w iron deficet should be placed on what precautions

Bleeding, Bed alarms, Fall precautions

Increase risk of bleeding

hist of hemophilia, lung cancer, NSAID use, older age

Nurses should encourage what for Acute Lymphocyte Leukemia?

Freq hand hygiene, Freq rest periods, eat protein rich foods

What shows increase in sympotms of acute lymphocyte leukemia

Bone pain, losing weight, easy bruising, fatigue

Chronic Myelogenous Leukemia symptoms

weight loss, left side abominal pan, fever, fatigue

Risk for developing blood clot

estrogen therapy, obesity, afib, cigarettes socially

high blood pressure can

cause brain bleeds due to weakend blood vessels

how does Post thrombotic syndrome relate to DVT

Prolonged DVT is what causes post thrombotic syndrome

what is true about post thrombiotic syndrome?

It can cause damage to valves in the veins

Greatests cuase of Postpartum hemorrhage

is uterine atony

What labs should be ordered for client w iron deficiency despite taking iron supplements

Pelvic ultrasound, endoscopy, colonoscopy

Clients taking Warfarin should be taught

frequent lab INR tests, higher bleeding risk, Monitor sudden vision changes, monitor black/tarry stools