Psychology Vocabulary Test

Atkinson & Shiffrin

Developed the multi-store memory model, which includes sensory buffer, short term memory, and long term memory.

Glanzer & Cunitz (1966)

Studied the serial position effect showing primacy and recency effects in recall.

Baddeley & Hitch (1974)

Proposed the working memory model comprising the central executive, visuospatial sketchpad, episodic buffer, and phonological loop.

Brewer & Treyens (1981)

Explored office schema and how it influences memory recall, demonstrating the use of top-down processing.

Bartlett (1932)

Introduced the idea that schemas influence memory reconstruction and recall.

Anderson & Pichert (1978)

Investigated schema processing effects on encoding and retrieval, finding schema influences recall.

Loftus & Palmer (1974)

Showed that the wording of questions can affect memory and perception in eyewitness accounts.

Loftus & Pickrell (1995)

Explored false memory, finding that 25% of participants recalled being lost in a mall as a child.

Neisser & Harsch (1992)

Tested flashbulb memory theory, finding inconsistencies in recall of traumatic event memories over time.

Bahrick et al (1975)

Demonstrated reliability of autobiographical memory through recognition versus free recall in high school memory.

Bernsten & Thomsen (2005)

Investigated memory reliability of the Danish occupation and liberation, finding vivid memories in those tied to resistance.

Bansford & Johnson (1972)

Examined how context influences comprehension and memory, showing prior knowledge improves understanding.

Brown & Kulik (1977)

Studied flashbulb memory, finding emotionally shocking events are recalled more accurately.

Cox & Griggs (1982)

Investigated the Wason selection task, revealing better performance in context-rich scenarios.

Ebbinghaus (1885)

Conducted studies on memory retention and forgetting through experimental recall of nonsense syllables.

Englich & Mussweiler (2001)

Studied anchoring bias in legal decisions, showing how initial sentence recommendations influence outcomes.

Hembrooke & Gay (2003)

Found multitasking during lectures impairs recall and comprehension, emphasizing minimizing distractions.

Kulkofsky et al (2011)

Found cultural differences in memory recall of public events, highlighting collectivistic versus individualistic influences.

Landry & Bartling (2011)

Tested articulatory suppression's effect on recall of phonologically dissimilar letters.

Milner (1966)

Investigated biological underpinnings of anterograde amnesia in patient HM using method triangulation.

Mueller & Oppenheimer (2014)

Showed that hand-written notes enhance learning and recall compared to typed notes.

Newhagen & Reeves (1992)

Explored effects of negative video news on memory and emotional response, highlighting image retention.

Sharot et al (2007)

Studied flashbulb memories post 9/11, linking amygdala activation to vivid memory recall.

Sparrow (2011)

Investigated the 'google effect' on memory recall, suggesting internet access leads to digital amnesia.

Tversky & Kahneman (1974)

Demonstrated anchoring bias with estimates influenced by initial number presentations.

Tversky & Kahneman (1986)

Examined framing effects in decision-making, highlighting loss aversion in rational choices.

Yulle & Cutshall (1986)

Studied eyewitness memory accuracy in real-life situations, finding high reliability under stress.

Central Executive

Part of the working memory model that allocates attention and directs tasks.

Visuospatial Sketchpad

A component of working memory where visual and spatial information is processed.

Phonological Loop

Part of working memory that deals with verbal and auditory information.

Episodic Buffer

Links visual, spatial, and verbal information to create integrated memories.

Dual-Task Technique

A method involving the examination of a primary task while competing with a secondary task.

Phonological Store

Holds auditory information, primarily words that have been heard.

Articulatory Process

Rehearses words heard/seen using an inner voice.

Inner Voice

The mental mechanism that allows one to 'hear' themselves talk without vocalizing.

Inner Scribe

Processes spatial and movement-related information.

Visual Cache

Stores visual information regarding form and color.

Articulatory Suppression

Prevents rehearsal of auditory information by overwhelming the phonological loop.

Articulatory Rehearsal Component

The inner voice that repeats information to aid memory.

Amnesia

The loss of memory.

Primacy Effect

The tendency to remember items presented at the beginning of a list.

Recency Effect

The tendency to remember items presented at the end of a list.

Retrograde Amnesia

Memory loss of events prior to an injury.

Childhood Amnesia

The specific loss of childhood memories.

Global Amnesia

Overall memory loss both prior to and after an injury.

Anterograde Amnesia

Inability to form new memories post-injury.

One-Tailed Hypothesis

A directional hypothesis predicting the nature of an effect.

Two-Tailed Hypothesis

A non-directional hypothesis that suggests the existence of an effect.

Word Length Effect

Longer words are harder to remember due to increased syllable count.

Long-Term Memory Storage

Where memories are stored after proper rehearsal.

Attention

The focusing on certain stimuli to process information.

Rehearsal

The repetition of information to maintain it in memory.

Goal Shifting

A function of the Central Executive to adapt schemas when switching tasks.

Rule Activation

Understanding based on different goals influencing decision-making.

Task Switching

The process of alternating focus between different tasks.

Short-Term Memory/Working Memory

A temporary memory store with limited capacity and duration.

Long-Term Memory (LTM)

The memory system with unlimited capacity for stored information.

Semantic Memory

Factual memory storage of knowledge.

Episodic Memory

Memory of personal experiences and events.

Procedural Memory

Memories of skills and habits.

Facial Recognition

The ability to identify and recall faces.

Transfer

The movement of information between different memory stores.

Retrieval

Accessing information from long-term memory to enable recall.

Iconic Memory

Visual memory lasting approximately 1 second.

Echoic Memory

Auditory memory lasting 2-5 seconds.

Chunking

Grouping information to enhance memory retention.

Prosopagnosia

The inability to recognize faces, often due to brain injury.

Conscious (Explicit) Memories

Memories of facts and events that can be verbally expressed.

Unconscious Implicit Memory

Memories of skills and emotional responses not readily verbalized.

Sensory Buffer

A brief storage system holding sensory information in its original form.

Miller's Rule

Short-term memory capacity is approximately 7±2 units of information.

Reconstructive Memory

The process of rebuilding memories when exact recall isn't possible.

Levels of Processing Theory

Proposes that memory retention is affected by the depth of information encoding.

Working Memory Model

Baddeley and Hitch's model detailing components of short-term memory.

Multi-store Memory Model

Model by Atkinson and Shiffrin detailing sensory, short-term, and long-term memory.

Priming

The unconscious activation of schemas to influence perception or memory.

Encoding

The process of transforming information into a memory store.

Leveling

The tendency to simplify or minimize details in memory recalls.

Sharpening

Emphasizing distinct elements when recalling memories.

Assimilation

Integrating new experiences into existing schemas.

Accommodation

Revising existing schemas to incorporate new information.

Schema

A mental framework derived from experiences for organizing knowledge.

Scripts

Cognitive representations of the sequence of events or actions.

Top-Down Processing

Using existing knowledge to interpret sensory information.

Bottom-Up Processing

Starting from sensory input and building up to a perception.

Effort After Meaning

Connecting new information to schemas for better memory retention.

Flashbulb Memory

A vivid, detailed memory of a significant or emotionally charged event.

Amygdala

Brain structure involved in regulating emotions and memory.

Hippocampus

Brain region associated with the formation of explicit memories.

Dual-Pathway Model of Fear

LeDoux's theory of emotional processing pathways in fear responses.

Appraisal Theory

Emotions stem from individual assessments of situations and their relevance.

reconstructive memory

the process whereby memories of an event become distorted by information encountered after the event occurred

Cryptomnesia (false memory)

a form of misattribution where a memory is mistaken for imagination, or the confusion of true memories with false memories