Studied by 0 people
Atkinson & Shiffrin
Developed the multi-store memory model, which includes sensory buffer, short term memory, and long term memory.
Glanzer & Cunitz (1966)
Studied the serial position effect showing primacy and recency effects in recall.
Baddeley & Hitch (1974)
Proposed the working memory model comprising the central executive, visuospatial sketchpad, episodic buffer, and phonological loop.
Brewer & Treyens (1981)
Explored office schema and how it influences memory recall, demonstrating the use of top-down processing.
Bartlett (1932)
Introduced the idea that schemas influence memory reconstruction and recall.
Anderson & Pichert (1978)
Investigated schema processing effects on encoding and retrieval, finding schema influences recall.
Loftus & Palmer (1974)
Showed that the wording of questions can affect memory and perception in eyewitness accounts.
Loftus & Pickrell (1995)
Explored false memory, finding that 25% of participants recalled being lost in a mall as a child.
Neisser & Harsch (1992)
Tested flashbulb memory theory, finding inconsistencies in recall of traumatic event memories over time.
Bahrick et al (1975)
Demonstrated reliability of autobiographical memory through recognition versus free recall in high school memory.
Bernsten & Thomsen (2005)
Investigated memory reliability of the Danish occupation and liberation, finding vivid memories in those tied to resistance.
Bansford & Johnson (1972)
Examined how context influences comprehension and memory, showing prior knowledge improves understanding.
Brown & Kulik (1977)
Studied flashbulb memory, finding emotionally shocking events are recalled more accurately.
Cox & Griggs (1982)
Investigated the Wason selection task, revealing better performance in context-rich scenarios.
Ebbinghaus (1885)
Conducted studies on memory retention and forgetting through experimental recall of nonsense syllables.
Englich & Mussweiler (2001)
Studied anchoring bias in legal decisions, showing how initial sentence recommendations influence outcomes.
Hembrooke & Gay (2003)
Found multitasking during lectures impairs recall and comprehension, emphasizing minimizing distractions.
Kulkofsky et al (2011)
Found cultural differences in memory recall of public events, highlighting collectivistic versus individualistic influences.
Landry & Bartling (2011)
Tested articulatory suppression's effect on recall of phonologically dissimilar letters.
Milner (1966)
Investigated biological underpinnings of anterograde amnesia in patient HM using method triangulation.
Mueller & Oppenheimer (2014)
Showed that hand-written notes enhance learning and recall compared to typed notes.
Newhagen & Reeves (1992)
Explored effects of negative video news on memory and emotional response, highlighting image retention.
Sharot et al (2007)
Studied flashbulb memories post 9/11, linking amygdala activation to vivid memory recall.
Sparrow (2011)
Investigated the 'google effect' on memory recall, suggesting internet access leads to digital amnesia.
Tversky & Kahneman (1974)
Demonstrated anchoring bias with estimates influenced by initial number presentations.
Tversky & Kahneman (1986)
Examined framing effects in decision-making, highlighting loss aversion in rational choices.
Yulle & Cutshall (1986)
Studied eyewitness memory accuracy in real-life situations, finding high reliability under stress.
Central Executive
Part of the working memory model that allocates attention and directs tasks.
Visuospatial Sketchpad
A component of working memory where visual and spatial information is processed.
Phonological Loop
Part of working memory that deals with verbal and auditory information.
Episodic Buffer
Links visual, spatial, and verbal information to create integrated memories.
Dual-Task Technique
A method involving the examination of a primary task while competing with a secondary task.
Phonological Store
Holds auditory information, primarily words that have been heard.
Articulatory Process
Rehearses words heard/seen using an inner voice.
Inner Voice
The mental mechanism that allows one to 'hear' themselves talk without vocalizing.
Inner Scribe
Processes spatial and movement-related information.
Visual Cache
Stores visual information regarding form and color.
Articulatory Suppression
Prevents rehearsal of auditory information by overwhelming the phonological loop.
Articulatory Rehearsal Component
The inner voice that repeats information to aid memory.
Amnesia
The loss of memory.
Primacy Effect
The tendency to remember items presented at the beginning of a list.
Recency Effect
The tendency to remember items presented at the end of a list.
Retrograde Amnesia
Memory loss of events prior to an injury.
Childhood Amnesia
The specific loss of childhood memories.
Global Amnesia
Overall memory loss both prior to and after an injury.
Anterograde Amnesia
Inability to form new memories post-injury.
One-Tailed Hypothesis
A directional hypothesis predicting the nature of an effect.
Two-Tailed Hypothesis
A non-directional hypothesis that suggests the existence of an effect.
Word Length Effect
Longer words are harder to remember due to increased syllable count.
Long-Term Memory Storage
Where memories are stored after proper rehearsal.
Attention
The focusing on certain stimuli to process information.
Rehearsal
The repetition of information to maintain it in memory.
Goal Shifting
A function of the Central Executive to adapt schemas when switching tasks.
Rule Activation
Understanding based on different goals influencing decision-making.
Task Switching
The process of alternating focus between different tasks.
Short-Term Memory/Working Memory
A temporary memory store with limited capacity and duration.
Long-Term Memory (LTM)
The memory system with unlimited capacity for stored information.
Semantic Memory
Factual memory storage of knowledge.
Episodic Memory
Memory of personal experiences and events.
Procedural Memory
Memories of skills and habits.
Facial Recognition
The ability to identify and recall faces.
Transfer
The movement of information between different memory stores.
Retrieval
Accessing information from long-term memory to enable recall.
Iconic Memory
Visual memory lasting approximately 1 second.
Echoic Memory
Auditory memory lasting 2-5 seconds.
Chunking
Grouping information to enhance memory retention.
Prosopagnosia
The inability to recognize faces, often due to brain injury.
Conscious (Explicit) Memories
Memories of facts and events that can be verbally expressed.
Unconscious Implicit Memory
Memories of skills and emotional responses not readily verbalized.
Sensory Buffer
A brief storage system holding sensory information in its original form.
Miller's Rule
Short-term memory capacity is approximately 7±2 units of information.
Reconstructive Memory
The process of rebuilding memories when exact recall isn't possible.
Levels of Processing Theory
Proposes that memory retention is affected by the depth of information encoding.
Working Memory Model
Baddeley and Hitch's model detailing components of short-term memory.
Multi-store Memory Model
Model by Atkinson and Shiffrin detailing sensory, short-term, and long-term memory.
Priming
The unconscious activation of schemas to influence perception or memory.
Encoding
The process of transforming information into a memory store.
Leveling
The tendency to simplify or minimize details in memory recalls.
Sharpening
Emphasizing distinct elements when recalling memories.
Assimilation
Integrating new experiences into existing schemas.
Accommodation
Revising existing schemas to incorporate new information.
Schema
A mental framework derived from experiences for organizing knowledge.
Scripts
Cognitive representations of the sequence of events or actions.
Top-Down Processing
Using existing knowledge to interpret sensory information.
Bottom-Up Processing
Starting from sensory input and building up to a perception.
Effort After Meaning
Connecting new information to schemas for better memory retention.
Flashbulb Memory
A vivid, detailed memory of a significant or emotionally charged event.
Amygdala
Brain structure involved in regulating emotions and memory.
Hippocampus
Brain region associated with the formation of explicit memories.
Dual-Pathway Model of Fear
LeDoux's theory of emotional processing pathways in fear responses.
Appraisal Theory
Emotions stem from individual assessments of situations and their relevance.
reconstructive memory
the process whereby memories of an event become distorted by information encountered after the event occurred
Cryptomnesia (false memory)
a form of misattribution where a memory is mistaken for imagination, or the confusion of true memories with false memories
