PATHO QUIZ: #5 (Thanksgiving)

The most commonly ordered diagnostic test for evaluation of the urinary system is

ultrasonography

Erection requires the release of nitrous oxide into the corpus cavernosum during sexual stimulation. True or False?

True

The greatest risk factor for bladder cancer is

smoking

Phimosis is a disorder of the penis characterized by

inability to retract the foreskin

Cervical cancer can be detected in the early, curable stage by the ________ test.

Papanicolaou

Excessive vomiting in pregnant women is known as

hyperemesis gravidarum

A progressive decrease in the force of the urinary stream, dribbling of urine, and difficulty initiating the urinary stream are characteristic of

prostatic enlargement

A patient diagnosed with a micropenis must be evaluated for

endocrine disorders

A patient who has difficulty walking without assistance is incontinent of urine when help doesn’t get to her quickly enough. The term for this type of incontinence is

functional

A person is unaware that his bladder is full of urine, but complains that he is leaking urine almost constantly. The most accurate term for this type of incontinence is

overflow

A 52-year-old female had a surgical procedure in which the breast, lymphatics, and underlying muscle were removed. The procedure performed was a

radical mastectomy

The most common types of uterine tumors are known as

leiomyomas

A ureterocele is

a cystic dilation of a ureter

A change occurring in a pregnant woman that is indicative of a potential disorder is

increased urinary protein

The microorganism that causes the vast majority of urinary tract infections is

Escherichia coli

Hypotension is both a cause of chronic kidney disease and a result of chronic kidney disease. True or False?

False

The expected treatment of a pregnant woman with hyperemesis gravidarum is

intravenous therapy

The most frequent initial symptom of bladder cancer is

hematuria

Vesicoureteral reflux is associated with

recurrent cystitis

The best intervention for acute kidney injury (AKI) is prevention. True or False?

True

The most common cause of ischemic acute tubular necrosis (ATN) in the United States is

sepsis

A person with acute pyelonephritis would most typically experience

fever

Findings that should prompt an evaluation for renal cancer include

hematuria

The risk for contrast media–induced acute tubular necrosis (ATN) is highest in

a 70-year-old patient with heart failure

The patient most at risk for postrenal acute kidney injury is a(n)

elderly patient with hypertrophy of the prostate

One of the most frequent causes of chronic kidney disease is

hypertension

Individuals with end-stage chronic renal disease are at risk for renal osteodystrophy and spontaneous bone fractures, because

they are deficient in active vitamin D

The consequence of an upper urinary tract obstruction in a single ureter is

hydronephrosis

The most likely cause of acidosis in a patient with end-stage renal disease is

insufficient metabolic acid excretion resulting from nephron loss

The pain that accompanies kidney disorders is called

nephralgia

Gastrointestinal drainage, perioperative and postoperative hypotension, and hemorrhage may all contribute to renal failure by causing

acute tubular necrosis

One of the most common causes of acute tubular necrosis (ATN) is

ischemic conditions

Which condition is caused by a genetic defect?

Polycystic kidney disease

Which intervention has been found to retard the advancement of chronic kidney disease?

ACE inhibitors

What problem is a patient likely to experience in end-stage renal disease?

Uremia

Appropriate management of end-stage renal disease includes

erythropoietin administration

The main clinical manifestation of a kidney stone obstructing the ureter is

renal colic

Nephrotic syndrome involves loss of large amounts of ________ in the urine.

protein

A common component of renal calculi is

calcium

The major cause of glomerulonephritis is

immune system damage to the glomeruli

The defining characteristic of severe acute kidney injury is

oliguria

Uterine prolapse is caused by a relaxation of the

cardinal ligaments

It is true that fibrocystic breast disease

may be exacerbated by methylxanthines

Detrusor muscle overactivity can be improved by administration of

botulinum toxin

Activation of parasympathetic nerves to the bladder will cause

bladder contraction

Sexual impotence is rarely because of

primary causes

A 32-year-old female complaining of severe pain with menstruation and inability to participate in her routine household activities is likely experiencing

dysmenorrhea

Sudden, severe testicular pain is indicative of

testicular torsion

A breast lump that is painless, hard, and unmoving is most likely

carcinoma

The condition in which the urethra opens on the dorsal aspect of the penis is known as

epispadias

A patient has ureteral colic. The manifestation that requires immediate notification of the physician is

chills and fever

A patient, age 3, has vesicoureteral reflux. “Why does that make him have so many bladder infections?” asks his mother. The nurse’s best response is

“When he urinates, urine runs back toward his kidneys and then into the bladder again, making it easy for bacteria to grow if they reach the bladder.”

Urinary retention with consistent or intermittent dribbling of urine is called

overflow incontinence

In addition to renal colic pain, signs or symptoms of ureteral stones may frequently include

hematuria

The direct cause of stress incontinence is

pelvic muscle weakness

A primary laboratory finding in end-stage chronic renal disease is

increased serum creatinine

The most common cause of intrinsic kidney injury is _____ injury.

tubular

Scrotal pain in males and labial pain in females may accompany renal pain as a result of

associated dermatomes

A person who is diagnosed with nephrotic syndrome is also experiencing hypoalbuminemia. This happens because

albumin is excreted in the urine

A major modifiable risk factor for nephrolithiasis is

dehydration

The most common sign/symptom of renal calculi is

pain

The type of glomerulonephritis which is most likely to result in a swift decline in renal function that then progresses to acute kidney injury is

crescentic glomerulonephritis

A patient who reported a very painful sore throat 3 weeks ago is now diagnosed with acute post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis. When asked, “Why is my urine the color of coffee?”, the nurse responds

“Your immune system was activated by your sore throat and has caused some damage in your kidneys that allows red blood cells to leak into the fluid that becomes urine and make it coffee-colored.”

One cause of an extrinsic renal system obstruction is

pelvic tumor

The condition characterized by oliguria and hematuria is

acute glomerulonephritis

The most likely cause of anemia in a patient with end-stage renal disease is

insufficient erythropoietin

Signs consistent with a diagnosis of glomerulonephritis include

proteinuria

In addition to E. coli, a risk factor for development of pyelonephritis is

urinary retention and reflux

The most common agent resulting in nephrotoxicity and subsequent acute tubular necrosis (ATN) in hospitalized patients is

contrast media

The individual at highest risk of pyelonephritis who requires monitoring for signs of its occurrence is the

man who has chronic urinary tract infections

Nephrotic syndrome does not usually cause

hematuria

The major underlying factor leading to the edema associated with glomerulonephritis and nephrotic syndrome is

proteinuria

Infection by ________ accounts for nearly half of all reported cases of vulvovaginitis.

Candida albicans

Endometriosis is a condition in which

ectopic endometrial tissue is present

The disorder characterized by a neurologic lesion that affects bladder control is

neurogenic bladder

A patient being treated for acute tubular necrosis (ATN) develops mild polyuria. The nurse responds to questions about why this occurring by stating

“His renal tubules are recovering, so he is making more urine, but he is not able to concentrate urine well, because he is not fully recovered.”

A potential risk factor for breast cancer includes

early menarche and late first pregnancy

Osteoporosis commonly occurs in patients with end-stage renal disease because of

hyperparathyroidism

The urea-splitting bacteria contribute to the formation of ________ kidney stones.

struvite

Appropriate therapy for prerenal kidney injury includes

fluid administration

The most helpful laboratory value in monitoring the progression of declining renal function is

serum creatinine

Postrenal acute kidney injury may be caused by

bilateral kidney stones

If acute tubular necrosis (ATN) does not resolve and continued tubular dysfunction ensues, the patient will then experience

polyuria and sodium wasting

Hyperlipidemia occurs in nephrotic syndrome because

hepatocytes synthesize excessive lipids

A patient with gouty arthritis develops renal calculi. The composition of these calculi is most likely to be

uric acid crystal

The infection frequently associated with development of postinfectious acute glomerulonephritis is

throat infection

A patient injured severely in a motor vehicle accident is hospitalized with acute kidney injury as well as multiple broken bones and lacerations. When family members ask what is meant by the term ‘prerenal,’ the nurse responds

“Your husband’s kidney injury did not start in the kidney itself, but rather in the blood flow to the kidney.”

Dysfunctional uterine bleeding (DUB) is caused by

absent or diminished levels of progesterone

What reproductive tract disorder is most likely to be associated with urinary stress incontinence?

Cystocele

Infection can lead to bladder stone formation. True or False?

True

The normal post-void residual urine in the bladder is

less than 100 mL

Treatment of a uterine prolapse may involve the insertion of a(n) ________ to hold the uterus in place.

pessary

Cryptorchidism is

associated with an increased incidence of testicular cancer

The patient reports persistent pelvic pain and urinary frequency and urgency. She says the pain improves when she empties her bladder. She does not have a fever and her repeated urinalyses over the past months have been normal, although she has a history of frequent bladder infections. She also has a history of fibromyalgia and hypothyroidism. Based on her history and complaints, her symptoms are characteristic of

interstitial cystitis

The HPV vaccine is recommended for 11- to 12-year-old girls, but can be administered to girls as young as _____ years of age.

9

The urinalysis finding most indicative of cystitis includes the presence of

nitrites

Prerenal acute kidney injury may be caused by

severe hypotension

When a patient experiencing nephrotic syndrome asks, “What causes my urine to be so full of protein,” the nurse’s response is based on the knowledge that

the glomerular membrane has increased permeability

A patient with renal disease is at risk for developing uremia as the nephrons progressively deteriorate, because

GFR declines

The pathophysiologic basis of acute glomerulonephritis is

an immune complex reaction