Research Methods exam 1

Intuition

When you have decided that you know something from a feeling in your gut

Authority Figure

Believing and doing something because someone has told you to do it or led you to believe it as truth

Rationalism

using logic and reasoning to acquire new knowledge

Empiricism

Acquiring knowledge through observation and experience

The Scientific Method

Systematically collecting and evaluating evidence to test ideas and answer questions

Aristotle

The first person we talked about in class who systematically addressed basic questions about human behavior through philosophy

Basic research

Conducted to understand psychological processes

Used to increase our knowledge

Applied Research

conducted to find solutions for problems

uses scientific approaches to understand and solve problems

Conceptual

the definition found in the dictionary

Operational

defines the concept by specifying precisely how the concept is measured or induced in a particular study

Ethnocentric Bias

When we fail to recognize when experiences and values of our own culture affect our interpretations of behavior observed in other cultures

Inductive Reasoning

a small set of specific observations is the basis for forming a general statement about a larger set of possible observations

Deductive Reasoning

a general statement is the basis for reaching a conclusion about specific examples

When approaching information we should be ?

Skeptical

Primary sources

firsthand reports in which the authors describe their own observations

secondary sources

secondhand reports in which the authors discuss someone else’s observation

Hypothesis

a good hypothesis is logical, testable, refutable, and positive

Availability heuristic

things that pop up easy in our mind tend to guide our thinking

confirmation bias

we have the tendency to only seek out information that agrees with our beliefs

present bias

we have a failure to consider appropriate comparison groups

bias blind spot

belief that we are unlikely to fall prey to these biases

scholarly research articles

written by academics or scholars

peer reviewed

Give citations and reference others’ work

longer

Discuss previous literature

Discuss how the study was conducted

uses statistical terms

Media/Popular Article

written for general public

uses language easily understood by the general public

written by journalists or professional writers

Illusory Correlation

Tendency to form relationships between events when non exist

Clever Hans

To look for subtle ques when observing behavior

Nuremberg Code

Set of 10 principles written in 1947 in conjuction with the trials of Nazi physicians accursed of cruel research on concentration camp person

Declaration of Helsinki

Similar ethics code that was created by World Medical Council the ensure written protocols

Belmont Report

explicitly recognized principle of seeing justice, respect for persons, and beneficence

Utilitarianism

ethical behavior if positive outcomes outweigh the negative

Institutional Review Board

reviews research

focuses on six ethical issues:

lack of adequate informed consent

invasion of privacy

coercion to participate

potential harm

deception

violation of confidentiality

Submit research to

IRB institutional review board

to participate in research the participant has to

sign a consent form

Vulnerable participants

children and the intellectually disabled

Minimal Risk

the risk they may experience in our research is no greater than what the might experience in their daily lives

APA Title Page

running head

title

authors name

school affiliation

Author’s Note

Abstract

Typically 150-250 words

Brief summary of the research

Main Body

Introduction

Method

Results

Discussion

Level 2 subsection

BOLD, all words capitalized and left justified

Level 1 Heading

centered, bold, upper and lowercase

References General Rules

New page titled references bold and centered

Alphabetical order by the first author’s last name

hanging indent

In a Reference

Last name, First initial. (year). Title. Journal Title, Volume # (# in volume), page numbers. doi URL

Parenthetical reference (single and double)

(Smith, 2016)

(Smith & Pica, 2016)

Narrative Reference (single and double)

Smith (2016)

Smith and Pica (2016)

Independent Variable

What is manipulated

dependent variable

relies on the effects/manipulation from the independent variable

Quantitative Data

uses number

Qualitative Data

used to observe

Deontological

Judged in light of morals

Ethical Skepticism

is a concrete set of rules that doesn’t bend

Manuscripts are commonly?

Rejected

What edition of the APA manual are we in?

seventh

What are the five steps of the research process?

Select

Conduct

evaluate

report

refine

Father of research psychology?

William Wundt

Select

Choose a Research Topic

Create a Hypothesis

Conduct

Choose your participants

Conduct the Study

Evaluate

Evaluate the data

Run analyses

Report

Report the results from your research

Refine

Fix any issues in your research idea and try again

Goals of Research

Describe Behavior

Predict Behavior

Explain Behavior