Evolutionary Psychs
study how natural selection influences behavior
Heredity (nature)
how genes influence your behavior
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Evolutionary Psychs
study how natural selection influences behavior
Heredity (nature)
how genes influence your behavior
Environment (nurture)
how outside situations influence your behavior
Central Nervous System
brain and spinal cord
Peripheral Nervous System
Rest of the nervous; relays to central nervous system
Somatic Nervous System
Voluntary movement, has sensory and motor neurons
Autonomic Nervous System
involuntary organs (heart, lungs, etc.); contains sympathetic and parasympathetic
Sympathetic Nervous System
fight/flight (generally activates - exception digestion)
Parasympathetic Nervous System
rest/digest (generally inhibits - exception digestion)
Neuron
Basic cell of the nervou system
Dendrites
Detect and receive incoming neurotransmitters
Axon
Conducts action potential down this long slender projection
Myelin Sheath
speeds Action Potential down axon and protects axon
Synapse
gap between neurons
Sensory Neurons
receive sense signals from eviron and sends them TO the brain
Motor Neurons
signals to move that send signals FROM the brain
Interneurons
cells in spinal cord/brain responsible for reflex arc
Reflex Arc
important stimuli skips the brain and routes through the spinal cord for immediate reactions (ex. hand in hot flames)
GLIA
support cells that give nutrients and clean up around neurons
Neurons Fire w/ an Action Potential
ions move across membrane sends an electrical charge down the axon
Resting Potential
neuron maintains a -70mv charge when not doing anything
Depolarization
charge of neuron briefly switches from negative to positive and triggers the action potential
Threshold of Depolarization
stimulus strength must reach this point to start the action potential
All or Nothing Principle
stimulus must trigger the action potential past its threshold, but does not increase the intensity or speed of the response
Refractory Period
neuron must rest and reset before it can send another action potential (ex. toilet resets)
Neurotransmitters
chemicals released in synaptic gap, received by neurons; classified as excitatory (increases APs in other neurons) or inhibitory (decreases)
GABA
major inhibitory neurotransmitter
Glutamate
major excitatory neurotransmitter
Dopamine
short-term reward and fine movement; associated with addiction in the hypothalamus
Serotonin
long-term moods, emotion, and sleep; too little of it is associated with depression in the amygdala
Acetylcholine
Memory and movement in the hippocampus; associated with Alzheimer’s
Norepinephrine
sympathetic nervous system; too little of it is associated with depression
Endorphins
decrease pain
Substance P
pain regulation (abnormality increases pain and inflammation)
Oxytocin
hormone of love, bonding, childbirth, and lactation
Adrenaline
Hormone of fight or flight
Leptin
hormone makes you full (stops hunger)
Ghrelin
makes you hungry
Melatonin
Hormone for sleep
Agonist
drug that mimics a neurotransmitter
Antagonist
drug that blocks a neurotransmitter
Reuptake
unused neurotransmitters are taken back up into the sending neuron
Depressants
decrease nervous system activity (ex. alcohol)
Stimulants
increase nervous system activity (ex. caffeine and cocaine)
Hallucinogens
hallucinations and altered perceptions (marijuana)
Opioids
relieve pain; endorphin agonists (ex. heroin)
Tolerance
needing more of a drug to achieve the same effects
Addiction
must have it to avoid withdrawal symptoms
Withdrawal
symptoms associated with a sudden stop in drug intake
Cerebellum
movement, balance, coordination, procedural memory (ex. walking a tightrope)
Medulla
vital organs (ex. heart rate, blood pressure, breathing)
Reticular activating system
alertness, arousal, sleep, eye movement
Cerebral Cortex
outer portion of the brain that runs higher thought processes; includes the limbic system, lobes, and corpus callosum
Amygdala
Emotions and fear
Hippocampus
episodic and semantic memory
Hypothalamus
reward/pleasure center, eating behaviors; linked to the endocrine system and homeostasis
Thalamus
relay center for all but smell
Pituitary gland
talks w/ endocrine system and hypothalamus; release hormones
Occipital lobe
vision
Frontal lobe
decision making, planning, judgment, movement, personality, language, executive function
Prefrontal cortex
front of frontal lobe; executive function
Motor cortex
back of frontal lobe, map of our motor receptors, controls skeletal movement
Parietal lobe
sensations and touch and controls association areas
Somatosensory cortex
map of our touch receptors
Temporal lobe
hearing and face recognition, language
Damage to Left Hemisphere Effects
Aphasia, or damaged speech
Broca’s Area
inability to produce speech
Wernicke’s Area
can’t comprehend speech
Corpus Callosum
bundle of nerves that connects the 2 hemispheres; split-brain procedure in epileptics
Split-Brain Experiments
image shown to right eye is processed in the left hemisphere and can be seen, but image show to left eye is processed in the right hemisphere and cannot be seen
Brain Plasticity
brain changes via damage and through experience
Endocrine System
sends hormones throughout the body
EEG
shows broad brain activity, not specific
fMRI
show brain activity in specific regions, measure oxygen
Lesion
destruction of brain tissue
Multiple sclerosis
destruction of myelin sheath, disrupts APs, causes impaired mobility, paralysis, pain
Myasthenia gravis
acetylcholine blocked, disrupts APs, causes poor motor control and paralysis
Blindsight
caused by lesions to primary visual cortex, blind people can catch a ballor respond to visual stimuli without conscious awareness
Prosopagnosia
face blindness, damage to occipital or temporal lobe
Broca’s Aphasia vs. Wernicke’s Aphasia
Broca: stuttered speech
Wernicke: jumbled speech
Phantom Limb Pain
pain from a limb that no longer is there (amputated) because of brain plasticity
Epilepsy
seizures caused by too much Glutamate and too little GABA
Alzheimer’s
destruction of acetylcholine in hippocampus, memory loss
Circadian Rhythms
24hr internal clock of body temp and sleep
Beta Waves
awake
Alpha Waves
drowsy non-REM with 3 stages (higher number = deeper sleep)
REM sleep
a stage of sleep characterized by rapid eye movement, increased brain activity, and vivid dreaming
REM Rebound
after sleep disruptions or lack of REM you’ll have more intense REM sleep
Activation Thesis
brain produces random bursts of energy, stimulating lodged memories in limbic system and brain stem
Consolidation dream theory
brain is combining and processing memory for storage
Consolidation
storage of memory
Restoration
helps regenerate the immune system and resore energy
Insomnia
inability to fall/stay asleep due to stress and anxiety
Somnambulism
sleep walking that happens during stage 3 (not REM)
Narcolepsy
fall into REM out of nowhere; treated with stimulants
Sleep Apnea
stop breathing while asleep (due to obesity usually)
REM Behavior Disorder
malfunction of mechanism that paralyze you during REM sleep
Sensation
receiv stimulus energy from environment
Transduction
convert that info into APs
Perception
brain interprets the info