Biological Basis Pillar

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Evolutionary Psychs

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study how natural selection influences behavior

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Heredity (nature)

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how genes influence your behavior

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131 Terms

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Evolutionary Psychs

study how natural selection influences behavior

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Heredity (nature)

how genes influence your behavior

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Environment (nurture)

how outside situations influence your behavior

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Central Nervous System

brain and spinal cord

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Peripheral Nervous System

Rest of the nervous; relays to central nervous system

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Somatic Nervous System

Voluntary movement, has sensory and motor neurons

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Autonomic Nervous System

involuntary organs (heart, lungs, etc.); contains sympathetic and parasympathetic

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Sympathetic Nervous System

fight/flight (generally activates - exception digestion)

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Parasympathetic Nervous System

rest/digest (generally inhibits - exception digestion)

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Neuron

Basic cell of the nervou system

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Dendrites

Detect and receive incoming neurotransmitters

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Axon

Conducts action potential down this long slender projection

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Myelin Sheath

speeds Action Potential down axon and protects axon

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Synapse

gap between neurons

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Sensory Neurons

receive sense signals from eviron and sends them TO the brain

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Motor Neurons

signals to move that send signals FROM the brain

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Interneurons

cells in spinal cord/brain responsible for reflex arc

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Reflex Arc

important stimuli skips the brain and routes through the spinal cord for immediate reactions (ex. hand in hot flames)

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GLIA

support cells that give nutrients and clean up around neurons

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Neurons Fire w/ an Action Potential

ions move across membrane sends an electrical charge down the axon

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Resting Potential

neuron maintains a -70mv charge when not doing anything

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Depolarization

charge of neuron briefly switches from negative to positive and triggers the action potential

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Threshold of Depolarization

stimulus strength must reach this point to start the action potential

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All or Nothing Principle

stimulus must trigger the action potential past its threshold, but does not increase the intensity or speed of the response

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Refractory Period

neuron must rest and reset before it can send another action potential (ex. toilet resets)

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Neurotransmitters

chemicals released in synaptic gap, received by neurons; classified as excitatory (increases APs in other neurons) or inhibitory (decreases)

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GABA

major inhibitory neurotransmitter

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Glutamate

major excitatory neurotransmitter

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Dopamine

short-term reward and fine movement; associated with addiction in the hypothalamus

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Serotonin

long-term moods, emotion, and sleep; too little of it is associated with depression in the amygdala

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Acetylcholine

Memory and movement in the hippocampus; associated with Alzheimer’s

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Norepinephrine

sympathetic nervous system; too little of it is associated with depression

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Endorphins

decrease pain

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Substance P

pain regulation (abnormality increases pain and inflammation)

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Oxytocin

hormone of love, bonding, childbirth, and lactation

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Adrenaline

Hormone of fight or flight

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Leptin

hormone makes you full (stops hunger)

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Ghrelin

makes you hungry

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Melatonin

Hormone for sleep

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Agonist

drug that mimics a neurotransmitter

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Antagonist

drug that blocks a neurotransmitter

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Reuptake

unused neurotransmitters are taken back up into the sending neuron

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Depressants

decrease nervous system activity (ex. alcohol)

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Stimulants

increase nervous system activity (ex. caffeine and cocaine)

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Hallucinogens

hallucinations and altered perceptions (marijuana)

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Opioids

relieve pain; endorphin agonists (ex. heroin)

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Tolerance

needing more of a drug to achieve the same effects

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Addiction

must have it to avoid withdrawal symptoms

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Withdrawal

symptoms associated with a sudden stop in drug intake

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Cerebellum

movement, balance, coordination, procedural memory (ex. walking a tightrope)

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Medulla

vital organs (ex. heart rate, blood pressure, breathing)

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Reticular activating system

alertness, arousal, sleep, eye movement

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Cerebral Cortex

outer portion of the brain that runs higher thought processes; includes the limbic system, lobes, and corpus callosum

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Amygdala

Emotions and fear

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Hippocampus

episodic and semantic memory

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Hypothalamus

reward/pleasure center, eating behaviors; linked to the endocrine system and homeostasis

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Thalamus

relay center for all but smell

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Pituitary gland

talks w/ endocrine system and hypothalamus; release hormones

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Occipital lobe

vision

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Frontal lobe

decision making, planning, judgment, movement, personality, language, executive function

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Prefrontal cortex

front of frontal lobe; executive function

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Motor cortex

back of frontal lobe, map of our motor receptors, controls skeletal movement

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Parietal lobe

sensations and touch and controls association areas

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Somatosensory cortex

map of our touch receptors

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Temporal lobe

hearing and face recognition, language

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Damage to Left Hemisphere Effects

Aphasia, or damaged speech

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Broca’s Area

inability to produce speech

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Wernicke’s Area

can’t comprehend speech

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Corpus Callosum

bundle of nerves that connects the 2 hemispheres; split-brain procedure in epileptics

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Split-Brain Experiments

image shown to right eye is processed in the left hemisphere and can be seen, but image show to left eye is processed in the right hemisphere and cannot be seen

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Brain Plasticity

brain changes via damage and through experience

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Endocrine System

sends hormones throughout the body

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EEG

shows broad brain activity, not specific

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fMRI

show brain activity in specific regions, measure oxygen

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Lesion

destruction of brain tissue

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Multiple sclerosis

destruction of myelin sheath, disrupts APs, causes impaired mobility, paralysis, pain

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Myasthenia gravis

acetylcholine blocked, disrupts APs, causes poor motor control and paralysis

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Blindsight

caused by lesions to primary visual cortex, blind people can catch a ballor respond to visual stimuli without conscious awareness

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Prosopagnosia

face blindness, damage to occipital or temporal lobe

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Broca’s Aphasia vs. Wernicke’s Aphasia

Broca: stuttered speech
Wernicke: jumbled speech

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Phantom Limb Pain

pain from a limb that no longer is there (amputated) because of brain plasticity

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Epilepsy

seizures caused by too much Glutamate and too little GABA

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Alzheimer’s

destruction of acetylcholine in hippocampus, memory loss

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Circadian Rhythms

24hr internal clock of body temp and sleep

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Beta Waves

awake

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Alpha Waves

drowsy non-REM with 3 stages (higher number = deeper sleep)

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REM sleep

a stage of sleep characterized by rapid eye movement, increased brain activity, and vivid dreaming

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REM Rebound

after sleep disruptions or lack of REM you’ll have more intense REM sleep

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Activation Thesis

brain produces random bursts of energy, stimulating lodged memories in limbic system and brain stem

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Consolidation dream theory

brain is combining and processing memory for storage

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Consolidation

storage of memory

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Restoration

helps regenerate the immune system and resore energy

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Insomnia

inability to fall/stay asleep due to stress and anxiety

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Somnambulism

sleep walking that happens during stage 3 (not REM)

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Narcolepsy

fall into REM out of nowhere; treated with stimulants

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Sleep Apnea

stop breathing while asleep (due to obesity usually)

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REM Behavior Disorder

malfunction of mechanism that paralyze you during REM sleep

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Sensation

receiv stimulus energy from environment

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Transduction

convert that info into APs

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Perception

brain interprets the info