Ilaya at Ilawod: Geography and Culture of Ancient Philippines

Study materials covering the geographical and cultural concepts of Ilaya and Ilawod, including specific cultural groups like the Igorot, the tradition of Binukot, and the Moro people of the Sulu Zone.

What do the terms 'ilaya' and 'ilawod' refer to in the context of ancient Filipino culture?

These are terms originating from indigenous Filipino languages (Tagalog and Bisaya) that refer to location or geography and have deep meanings in the lifestyle of ancient Filipinos.

In terms of geography, what does 'ilaya' mean?

It means "high place" or "place located upstream of a river."

What types of areas are typically categorized as 'ilaya' communities?

Communities located in mountains and hills, far from the sea.

Name three examples of 'ilaya' groups in the Cordillera region.

Ifugao, Kalinga, and Bontoc.

Name two examples of 'ilaya' groups found in Mindanao.

Manobo and Bagobo.

What creative farming method was developed in 'ilaya' regions due to steep terrain?

Hagdan-hagdang palayan (terrace farming).

Aside from farming, what were the primary livelihoods of people in 'ilaya' communities?

Pangangaso (hunting), pangangalap (gathering), pag-aalaga ng hayop (animal husbandry), and pagpapanday (blacksmithing).

What does the word 'Igorot' literally mean?

It comes from a word meaning "mountain people" (taong bundok).

Which ethnic groups comprise the Igorot people?

Ifugao, Kankanaey, Bontoc, Ibaloi, Isneg, Kalinga, and Apayao.

What is the religious belief system of the Igorot that involves believing in 'anitos' and nature spirits?

Animismo (Animism).

Identify three terms associated with Igorot culture and food practices from the lecture.

Kanyaw, Pinikpikan, and Watwat.

What was a historical practice of the Igorot related to warfare?

Practice of headhunting.

What is a 'Binukot' in the lowlands of Visayas?

It refers to females who are kept hidden or not allowed to leave their family home from childhood to maintain their beauty and honor.

In which specific location is the 'Binukot' tradition primarily found?

Panay Bukidnon on Panay Island.

Why were 'Binukot' women kept away from sunlight?

To keep their skin fair, which was considered a sign of high social status and a symbol of dignity.

What does 'Ilawod' refer to?

Communities found along the coastline and the sea where the lifestyle is focused on marine resources.

What are the three main activities of the 'ilawod' lifestyle?

Pangingisda (fishing), pangangalakal (trading), and paglalayag (navigation/sailing).

What is the origin of the term 'Moro' as applied to Muslims in the Philippines?

It was first used by the Spanish based on their experience with the Moors in Spain.

Who are the five major Moro ethnic groups mentioned in the notes?

Maranao, Maguindanao, Tausug, Yakan, and Sama-bajau.

What is the 'Sulu Zone'?

A vast area of trade and influence including Sulu, parts of Mindanao, and nearby islands in Southeast Asia.

What institution in the Sulu Zone was vital for leadership and the spread of Islam?

The Sultanato ng Sulu (Sultanate of Sulu).

What specific marine products did the Moro people trade?

Perlas (pearls), trepang (sea cucumber), isda (fish), kabibe (shells), and pagong (turtles).