Biology Unit Test- Review Gr10 SNC2D1

What is an atom?

Smallest unit of matter

What is a molecule?

A group of atoms bonded together

What is a cell?

The basic unit of all living things

What is tissue?

A collection of similar cells that preform specific functions

What is an organ?

A group of different tissues that work together to perform a certain function

What is an organ system?

A group of organs working together to perform a particular function

What is an organism?

A living thing made of organ systems working together

What are the two main types of cells?

Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic

What are Prokaryotic cells?

They are the simplest life forms, they have no nucleus or membrane-bound organelles, they are single-celled organisms, small, have one circular chromosome, and do not need oxygen

What are Eukaryotic cells?

More complex, larger cells, have a nucleus and chromosomes, have membrane-bound organelles, needs oxygen

What are examples of Eukaryotic cells?

Plants, animals, fungi, protists

What do eukaryotic cells have that are necessary for life?

Eukaryotic cells have specialized parts called organelles that carry out specific functions necessary for life

What can both Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic cells have?

They both have ribosomes, cytoplasm, cell membrane/plasma membrane, cell walls and plagella

What are single-celled organisms?

Single-celled organisms are living things that are made of just one cell like bacteria

What are multicellular organisms?

Organisms that are made up of many cells eg:plant, animal

What is the cell membrane?

A thin boundary covering that protects the cell from its external enviroment?

What is the function of the cell membrane?

Serves as a boundary and allows materials to pass in and out of the cell through pores by the process of diffusion

What is the cytoplasm?

The jelly like substance between the cell membrane and the nucleus which has cytosol

What is the function of the cytoplasm?

Where most chemical reactions take place and where the cytosol and organelles make up the cytoplasm

What is the smooth ER?

It extends from the rough ER to form a network of membrane tubules, and has no ribosomes on it

What is the function of the smooth ER?

To make lipids and hormones

What is the rough ER?

Transport system of the cell. It has tubules and sacs leading from the nuclear membrane and connecting to everything in the cell and contains ribosomes on the surface

What is the function of the rough ER?

Transporting and exporting proteins synthesized at the ribosomes

What are ribosomes?

Small specks made of DNA that are proteins of a cell which are responsible for the growth and development of a cell

What is the function of ribosomes and where are they found?

To make proteins, they can be found attached to the rough ER or free in the cytoplasm

INTRODUCTION TO BIO

INTRODUCTION TO BIO

What is biology?

The study of life

What makes something living?

Has a lifespan, grows, requires energy, produces waste, reproduces, reacts to stimuli, and moves/sways/bends

What is the fundamental unit of life?

The cell

What is the cell theory

The cell is the basic organization unit of life, all cells come from pre-exsisting cells, all organisms are made of 1 or more cells

What are the four common features all cells have?

They have DNA, a cell membrane, cytoplasm, and ribosomes

What are the levels of anatomical organization?

Atom, molecule, cells, tissue, organ, organ system, organism

What are golgi bodies?

A stack of flat, bag-like structures that store and eventually release various products from the cell

What is the function of the golgi bodies?

To sort and package proteins and other molecules for transport out of the cell

What is the lysosome?

A lysosome is a vesicle that is small with round structures and contains digestive enzymes

What is the fuction of the lysosome?

To remove waste from the cell and to destroy dead cells

What is the nucleus?

The dense ball shaped organelle that directs all cell activites and contains DNA

What is the function of the nucleus?

To control all of the cells acivities

What is a nucleolus?

A small dark area where ribosomes are made

What is the function of the nucleolus?

To make ribosomes which help makes proteins

What is the nuclear membrane?

A thin covering over the nucleus which proects the contents of the nucleus

What is the function of the nuclear membrane?

To protect the nucleus and to allow materials like ribosomes out of the nucleus through pores

What is chromatin?

Long threadlike form of DNA in the nucleus that contains genes and is made of protein

What is the function of chromatin?

To shorten into chromosomes during mitosis

What is the mitochondria?

A bean shaped organelle located in the cytoplasm known as the powerhouse of the cell

What is the function of the mitochondria?

To create cellular respiration

What is a vacoule?

A large open storage area that is bigger in plant cells then in animals

What is the function of the vacoule?

To store water and nutrients needed by the cell

What is a vesicle?

A small, membrane bound compartment

What is the function of a vesicle?

To store or transport materials inside the cell or to help transport materials to exit the cell

What are centrioles?

A minute cylindrical organelle near the nucleus in animal cells

What is the function of a centrioles?

To help with cell division

What is the cell wall?

A rigid tough wall made of cellulose found in plant cells

What is the function of a cell wall?

To protect and support the cell

What is a chloroplast?

Green structures that contain chlorophyll found in plant cells

What is the function of a chloroplast?

To trap energy from the sun to make glucose which is known as photosynthesis

What is the equation for photosynthesis?

Carbon dioxide + water -> glucose + oxygen

What is the equation for cellular respiration?

glucose + oxygen --> carbon dioxide + water + energy

Microscopes-Magnification

Microscopes-Magnification

What are the types of ways you can visualize cells?

Using compound light microscopes or electron microscopes

What are compound light microscopes?

Microscopes that magnify in stages using multiple lenses and can view stained and living slides and are limited in magnification

What are electron microscopes?

Microscopes where electrons get transmitted through the specimen or beamed onto the surface

How does a microscope work? 1/2

Ocular lens magnifies the image, and the objective lens gathers light magnifies and focuses the image

What are the 14 parts in a microscope?

Arm, base, body tube, course adjustment knob, diaphragm, ocular lens, fine adjustment knob, lamp, high, medium, and low lenses, nose piece, stage and stage clips

What is the actual size of specimen measured in?

Micrometers- 1mm= 1000 micrometers

What are the 3 FOVS of a microscope?

High-4500ųm, Medium-1800ųm, High-450ųm

How do you calculate the magnification of a specimen?

Ocular lens (10x) multiplied by objective lens high-40x, medium-10x, low-4x

How do you find the specimen size?- formula

FOV divided by length of the specimen that fits across FOV

How do you find specimen width?-formula

FOV divided by width of the specimen that fits across FOV

How do you find the drawing magnification- formula

Length or width of drawing in micrometers divided by specimen size

CELL CYCLE+MITOSIS

CELL CYCLE+MITOSIS

What is the cell cycle?

A series of events that cells go through as they grow and divide- Interphase, Mitosis & Cytokenisis

What is cell reproduction?

The process by which new cells are formed (asexually or sexually)

Why do cells divide?

Due to its dependance on diffusion and osmosis to regulate

What are the functions of cell division/mitosis

Healing/tissue repair, growth and development, reproduction

Why is mitosis important for healing/tissue repair?

Because millions of our cells die and are damaged every second and they need to be replaced otherwise we would disappear. So the process of mitosis replaces dead and damaged cells

What are the four stages of mitosis?

Prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase

What is interphase?-1/2

The longest stage of the cell cycle which is divided in three parts

What is interphase?-2/2

The chromosomes start to become invisible after cytokinesis has finished then are replicated later on in the cycle

What happens in prophase?-1/2

The chromatin condenses to form paired chromosomes (sister chromatids) and the spindle is formed

What happens in prophase-2/2

Centrioles then move to each pole, the nucleolus starts to disappear and the nuclear membrane breaks down

What happens in metaphase?-1/2

Now the nuclear membrane has disappeared and the centrioles have reached opposite sides

What happens in metaphase?-2/2

Spindle fibres then attach to the centromere, and the chromosomes/chromatids line up at the equator

What happens in anaphase?-1/2

Spindle fibres then shorten and the centromeres split

What happens in anaphase?-2//2

Sister chromatids separate and move to opposite poles (sides of the cell)

What happens in telophase?-1/2

Daughter chromosomes have reached opposite poles and begin to uncoil and the nuclear membrane and nucleolus reforms

What happens in telophase?-2/2

Daughter cells are now genetically identical and cytokinesis begins with the cleavage furrow/cell plate appearing

What is the reverse of prophase?

Telophase is the reverse of prophase

What happens in cytokinesis?

Animal cells form a cleavage furrow while plants form a cell plate. These things divide the cytoplasm so two daughter cells are formed

What is a centromere?

A structure that connects two chromatids toghether

What is a chromatid?

It is what each individual chromosome in a chromosome pair is called

What is the spindle fibre?

The structure that forms in prophase along which the chromosomes move

*What phase of mitosis is the last phase that chromatids are together?

Metaphase

What is the G1 phase?

Cell growth phase

What is the S phase?

DNA replication (synthesis)

What is the G2 phase?

Period after DNA replication; when the cell prepares for division

CANCER

CANCER

What is a cancer cell?

Cell division gone wrong. Its a cell that ignores the signs to stop dividing and grows rapidly to form clumps of cells called tumours

What are the 3 cell cycle checkpoints?

G1 checkpoint, G2 checkpoint, M checkpoint

What is the G1 checkpoint?

To see if the cell has the correct growth, nutrients and no DNA damage