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APWH Themes, General Key-terms, Western Civilization

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51 Terms

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Social Structures

The complex pattern of relationships that shape any society. They help to determine how justice is lived out in society.

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Politics

Method of maintaining, managing, and gaining control of government (who gets what, when, and how)

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Interaction with the Environment

As part of an ecosystem, each organism interacts continuously with its environment

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Culture

Beliefs, customs, and traditions of a specific group of people.

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Economics

The study of how people seek to satisfy their needs and wants by making choices

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Technology

The application of scientific knowledge for practical purposes

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Consensus

General agreement among various groups on fundamental matters; broad agreement on public questions

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Ceremonial Burial

Elaborate burial sites indicated the afterlife, example of Paleolithic Societies thinking of a spirit world

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Animism

Belief that objects, such as plants and stones, or natural events, like thunderstorms and earthquakes, have a discrete spirit and conscious life.

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Nomads

People who wander from place to place

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Egalitarian

A person who believes in the equality of all people

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Agriculture

The deliberate effort to modify a portion of Earth's surface through the cultivation of crops and the raising of livestock for sustenance or economic gain.

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Irrigation

A way of supplying water to an area of land

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Civilization

A society with cities, a central government, job specialization, and social classes

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Monumental Architecture

Architectural constructions of a greater-than-human scale, such as pyramids, temples, and tombs

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Urbanization

An increase in the percentage and in the number of people living in urban settlements.

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Legitimize

To give credit or recognition to

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Theocracy

A government controlled by religious leaders

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Polytheism

Belief in many gods

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Hierarchy

A system or organization in which people or groups are ranked one above the other according to status or authority.

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Patriarchy

A form of social organization in which males dominate females

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Western Civilization

Civilization that evolved in Europe and in recent centuries spread to America

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Ancient Greece

Location was where the present day country of Greece is. It is famous for types of columns in architecture. The acropolis and the Parthenon. First democratic form of government

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Consolidate

To combine, unite; to make solid or firm

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Mediterranean Trade

Allowed Roman empire to trade with many different places thus increasing the economy

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Decentralized

Governmental power is spread among more than one person or group

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City-state

A city that with its surrounding territory forms an independent state.

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Athens

A democratic Greek polis who accomplished many cultural achievements, and who were constantly at war with Sparta.

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Monarchy

A government ruled by a king or queen

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Tyranny

Cruel and oppressive government or rule

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Democracy

A political system in which the supreme power lies in a body of citizens who can elect people to represent them

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Greek Golden Age

5th century BCE

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Euclid

Father of geometry

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Socrates

(470-399 BCE) An Athenian philosopher who thought that human beings could lead honest lives and that honor was far more important than wealth, fame, or other superficial attributes.

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Cultural Diffusion

The spread of ideas, customs, and technologies from one people to another

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Roman Empire

Existed from 27 BCE to about 400 CE. Conquiered entire Mediterranean coast and most of Europe. Ruled by an emperor. Eventually oversaw the rise and spread of Christianity.

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Latin

The language of the Romans

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Romance Languages

Any of the languages derived from Latin including Italian, Spanish, French, and Romanian.

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Roman Legal Concepts

Innocent until proven guilty, equality under the law

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Hebrews

The ethnic group claiming descent from Abraham and Isaac (especially from Isaac's son Jacob)

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Judaism

The monotheistic religion of the Jews.

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Monotheism

Belief in one God

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Abrahamic Religions

Judaism, Christianity, Islam

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Imperial Cult

In the Roman world, a partly political and partly religious ceremony in honor of the emperor who was recognized as a superhuman or divine figure

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Jewish Diaspora

The scattering of the Jewish people outside their homeland beginning about 586 BCE

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Missionaries

People who work to spread their religious beliefs

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Christianity

A religion based on the life and teachings of Jesus

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Rome legalizes Christianity

313 CE

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Germanic Tribes

Nomadic groups that invaded the Roman Empire from the North and East. They caused the fall of Rome.

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Fall of Rome

476 CE

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Roman Catholic Church

The Christian church headed by the pope in Rome