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APWH Themes, General Key-terms, Western Civilization
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Social Structures
The complex pattern of relationships that shape any society. They help to determine how justice is lived out in society.
Politics
Method of maintaining, managing, and gaining control of government (who gets what, when, and how)
Interaction with the Environment
As part of an ecosystem, each organism interacts continuously with its environment
Culture
Beliefs, customs, and traditions of a specific group of people.
Economics
The study of how people seek to satisfy their needs and wants by making choices
Technology
The application of scientific knowledge for practical purposes
Consensus
General agreement among various groups on fundamental matters; broad agreement on public questions
Ceremonial Burial
Elaborate burial sites indicated the afterlife, example of Paleolithic Societies thinking of a spirit world
Animism
Belief that objects, such as plants and stones, or natural events, like thunderstorms and earthquakes, have a discrete spirit and conscious life.
Nomads
People who wander from place to place
Egalitarian
A person who believes in the equality of all people
Agriculture
The deliberate effort to modify a portion of Earth's surface through the cultivation of crops and the raising of livestock for sustenance or economic gain.
Irrigation
A way of supplying water to an area of land
Civilization
A society with cities, a central government, job specialization, and social classes
Monumental Architecture
Architectural constructions of a greater-than-human scale, such as pyramids, temples, and tombs
Urbanization
An increase in the percentage and in the number of people living in urban settlements.
Legitimize
To give credit or recognition to
Theocracy
A government controlled by religious leaders
Polytheism
Belief in many gods
Hierarchy
A system or organization in which people or groups are ranked one above the other according to status or authority.
Patriarchy
A form of social organization in which males dominate females
Western Civilization
Civilization that evolved in Europe and in recent centuries spread to America
Ancient Greece
Location was where the present day country of Greece is. It is famous for types of columns in architecture. The acropolis and the Parthenon. First democratic form of government
Consolidate
To combine, unite; to make solid or firm
Mediterranean Trade
Allowed Roman empire to trade with many different places thus increasing the economy
Decentralized
Governmental power is spread among more than one person or group
City-state
A city that with its surrounding territory forms an independent state.
Athens
A democratic Greek polis who accomplished many cultural achievements, and who were constantly at war with Sparta.
Monarchy
A government ruled by a king or queen
Tyranny
Cruel and oppressive government or rule
Democracy
A political system in which the supreme power lies in a body of citizens who can elect people to represent them
Greek Golden Age
5th century BCE
Euclid
Father of geometry
Socrates
(470-399 BCE) An Athenian philosopher who thought that human beings could lead honest lives and that honor was far more important than wealth, fame, or other superficial attributes.
Cultural Diffusion
The spread of ideas, customs, and technologies from one people to another
Roman Empire
Existed from 27 BCE to about 400 CE. Conquiered entire Mediterranean coast and most of Europe. Ruled by an emperor. Eventually oversaw the rise and spread of Christianity.
Latin
The language of the Romans
Romance Languages
Any of the languages derived from Latin including Italian, Spanish, French, and Romanian.
Roman Legal Concepts
Innocent until proven guilty, equality under the law
Hebrews
The ethnic group claiming descent from Abraham and Isaac (especially from Isaac's son Jacob)
Judaism
The monotheistic religion of the Jews.
Monotheism
Belief in one God
Abrahamic Religions
Judaism, Christianity, Islam
Imperial Cult
In the Roman world, a partly political and partly religious ceremony in honor of the emperor who was recognized as a superhuman or divine figure
Jewish Diaspora
The scattering of the Jewish people outside their homeland beginning about 586 BCE
Missionaries
People who work to spread their religious beliefs
Christianity
A religion based on the life and teachings of Jesus
Rome legalizes Christianity
313 CE
Germanic Tribes
Nomadic groups that invaded the Roman Empire from the North and East. They caused the fall of Rome.
Fall of Rome
476 CE
Roman Catholic Church
The Christian church headed by the pope in Rome