Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology Concepts

ZOOL 3242 Systemic Anatomy. TWU Dr. Goodwin. Week 1 pptx.

Division of Micro and Macro (gross) anatomy

Macro doesn't require magnificiation while Micro Requires magnification, such as a microscope.

Physiology

Study of Functions of each structure• How they function together as a group• The chemistry and physics of how we work

Levels of Structural Organization

The hierarchy of biological organization from atoms to organisms. Atoms, Molecules, Organelles, Cells, Tissues, Organs, Organ systems, and Organism

11 Organ systems

1. Integumentary
2. Skeletal
3. Muscular
4. Nervous
5. Endocrine
6. Cardiovascular
7. Lymphatic
8. Respiratory
9. Digestive
10. Urinary
11. Reproductive

Dorsal Body Cavity

Includes the cranial and spinal cavities.

Ventral Body Cavity

Includes the thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities and their subdivisions.

Serous Membrane

Lines the pericardial cavity and reflects back to cover the heart.

Medical Imaging

Techniques used to visualize the internal structures of the body.

X-ray

Imaging technique using X-rays for cross-sections. Very helpful for abdominal scans.

Computed Tomography (CT)

Technique in which a computer-enhanced cross-sectional X-ray image is obtained

Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)

Technique in which a device generates a magnetic field to obtain detailed sectional images of the internal structures of the body

Positron Emission Tomography (PET)

Technique in which radiopharmaceuticals are traced to reveal metabolic and physiological functions in tissuess

Ultrasound

Application of ultrasonic waves to visualize subcutaneous body structures such as tendons and organs.

Cell Membrane

A phospholipid bilayer consisting of two layers of phospholipids with hydrophilic heads and hydrophobic tails.

Amphipathic

A property of phospholipids having both hydrophilic and hydrophobic parts.

Cholesterols

Molecules in the cell membrane that increase its flexibility.

Intracellular Fluid (ICF) versus Extracellular Fluid

Fluid inside versus outside the cell

Plasma

Fluid in the vessels

Interstitial Fluid

fluid between the cells, but not the in the vessels

Integral Proteins

Proteins that go all the way through the membrane.

Channel Proteins

Integral proteins that create channels for certain substances to pass through the membrane.

Receptors

Proteins that allow ligands (hormones, other molecules) to bind to the cell.

Glycoproteins

Proteins that contain a carbohydrate and create ID markers for the cell.

Peripheral Proteins

Proteins found only on one side of the membrane.

G Proteins

Peripheral proteins that deliver a signal inside the membrane when a hormone binds to a receptor.

Organelles

Little membrane-enclosed bodies in the cell, each carrying out a unique function.

Cytosol

The gel-like fluid substance inside the cells where biochemical reactions can take place.

Cytoplasm

Everything in the cell except the nucleus: organelles + cytosol.

Cytoskeletal Elements

Structures that give the cell its shape and structure.

Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)

A system of channels connected to the nuclear membrane that functions in transport, synthesis, and storage.

Rough ER

A type of endoplasmic reticulum that contains ribosomes and is involved in protein synthesis.

Ribosomes

The site of protein synthesis.

Smooth ER

ER without ribosomes, synthesizes lipids and carbohydrates. Stores and regulates cellular calcium.

Golgi Apparatus

Sorts, modifies and packages products from the ER.

Transport Vesicles

Carry products to and from the Golgi Apparatus.

Lysosomes

Contain enzymes that break down and digest unneeded cellular components.

Autophagy

The term for the cell digesting its own structures.

Apoptosis

Damaged or unhealthy cells can be triggered to release all of their lysosomes and self-digest the entire cell.

Mitochondria

Bean shaped organelles that produce the majority of the cell's energy (ATP).

Peroxisomes

Help metabolize nutrient lipids and detoxify cells.

Cytoskeleton

Consists of protein structures that give the cell structure and plays a role in motility, reproduction, and transport of substances.

Microtubules

The biggest component of the cytoskeleton that creates structure and holds organelles in place.

Centrioles

Form the mitotic spindle during cell division, guiding the DNA where to move.

Cilia

Hairlike cell extensions made of microtubules that help move substances along the outer membrane.

Flagella

The 'tail' of the male sperm, used for movement.

Intermediate Filaments

Medium-sized components of the cytoskeleton that provide strength, such as keratin and collagen.

Microfilaments

The smallest components of the cytoskeleton, primarily actin, providing mechanical support and flexibility.

Nucleus

The control center of the cell that stores genetic information.

Genetic Information

DNA that is code used to build proteins.

Nuclear Envelope

A double phospholipid bilayer that creates the walls of the nucleus.

Nuclear Pore

Holes in the nuclear envelope that allow RNA and other substances to pass in and out.

Nucleolus

Region of the nucleus that makes RNA.

Chromatin

Threads made of DNA wrapped around histone proteins.

Chromosome

Densely packed, condensed chromatin that can be more safely delivered to the daughter cell during cell division.

Tissues (4 basic categories?)

Groups of cells in the body which work together for a common function.. Epithelial, Connective, Muscle, and Nervous Tissue.

Epithelial Tissue

Covers surfaces; lines passageways; makes up certain glands. Lining of GI tract organs, hollow organs, and skin surface.

Connective Tissue

Binds things together; provides protection, support, and integration of body parts. Fat, Bone and Tendon.

Muscle Tissue

Responds to stimulus to contract and provide movement. Cardiac, smooth and skeletal muscle.

Nervous Tissue

Allows the propagation of electrochemical signals for communication throughout the body. Brain, spinal cord, and nerves.

Tissue Membranes and the 2 broad categories

Broad categories of membranes in the body, including connective tissue membranes and epithelial membranes.

Membrane

A thin sheet of cells that create a lining.

Characteristics of Epithelial Tissue

Very 'cellular', cells joined by junctions, has polarity, basal surface attached to a basement membrane, avascular, highly regenerative.

Cell Junctions types

The three basic types of cell-to-cell junctions are tight junctions, gap junctions, and anchoring junctions.

Epithelial tissues

Large sheets of cells that cover surfaces of the body (inner surfaces and outer surfaces).

Functions of epithelial tissue

Protect from physical, chemical and biological damage, including UV radiation, bacteria and viruses, dirt and debris, and physical abrasion.

Secretory function of epithelial tissue

Epithelial tissues are involved in the secretion of mucous, digestive enzymes, messengers, and glands.

Squamous definition

Epithelial cells that are flat.

Cuboidal definition

Epithelial cells that are cube-shaped (equal height and width).

Columnar definition

Epithelial cells that are tall.

Simple epithelial tissue

Organized as a single layer of cells.

Stratified epithelial tissue

Formed by multiple layers of cells.

Pseudostratified epithelium

A type of epithelium that appears to have multiple layers due to a messy arrangement but actually consists of a single layer.

Goblet Cell

A cell in the lining of the small intestine that secretes mucous, interspersed with columnar epithelium cells.

Glandular Epithelia

Modified epithelial cells whose main purpose is to synthesize and secrete substances.

Endocrine glands

Glands that release their substances (hormones) into the blood stream or interstitial fluid.

Exocrine glands

Glands that release their substances into a duct that leads to the surface.

Merocrine secretion

A mode of glandular secretion where the cell remains intact.

Apocrine secretion

A mode of glandular secretion where the apical portion of the cell is released.

Holocrine secretion

A mode of glandular secretion where the cell is destroyed as it releases its product.

Sebaceous Glands

Glands that secrete oils to lubricate and protect the skin and are destroyed after releasing their contents. (holocrine)

Connective Tissues

Tissues that serve to support and connect other tissues and lay down structure.

Characteristics of Connective Tissues

Cells are spread out within a matrix, which is typically made by the cells living within it.

Matrix of Connective Tissues

Typically made of ground substance (fluid, gel, or hardened) and protein fibers (collagens, elastic fibers, reticular fibers).

Functions of Connective Tissues

Support, connect/bind, protect, transport, and defend.

Connective Tissue Proper

Includes fixed cells such as fibrocytes, adipocytes, and mesenchymal cells.

Adipose Tissue

A loose connective tissue that consists of fat cells with little extracellular matrix, storing fat for energy and providing insulation.

Reticular Tissue

A loose connective tissue made up of a network of reticular fibers that provides a supportive framework for soft organs.

Dense Regular Connective Tissue

Consists of collagenous fibers packed into parallel bundles.

Dense Irregular Connective Tissue

Consists of collagenous fibers interwoven into a mesh-like network.

Cartilage

A connective tissue consisting of collagenous fibers embedded in a firm matrix of chondroitin sulfates.

Hyaline Cartilage

Provides support with some flexibility.

Fibrocartilage

Provides some compressibility and can absorb pressure.

Elastic Cartilage

Provides firm but elastic support.

Bone

The hardest supporting connective tissue, with an extracellular matrix made up of collagen fibers in a hardened ground substance that is mostly hydroxyapatite.

Blood

A fluid connective tissue containing erythrocytes and various types of leukocytes that circulate in a liquid extracellular matrix.

Membranes (4 types)

Physical barriers that line or cover portions of the body, consisting of an epithelium and at least one type of connective tissue. Mucous, Serous, Cutaneous, and Synovial.

Mucous Membranes

Line passageways with external connection, found in the digestive, respiratory, urinary and reproductive tracts.

Serous Membranes

Line cavities not open to the outside, thin but very strong, with fluid 'transudate' that reduces friction.

Cutaneous Membrane

The skin, the exterior surface of the body, which is thick, waterproof, and dry.

Synovial Membranes

Line articulating joint cavities, produce synovial fluid (lubricant), and protect the ends of bones.