Digestive System/Respiratory System

metabolism

all of the processes involved in the body's use of nutrients

anabolism

the building up of body cells and substances from nutrients

catabolism

the breaking down of body cells or substances, releasing energy and carbon dioxide

absorption

the process by which completely digested nutrients are transported to the cells throughout the body

alimentary canal

one long hollow tube that begins at the mouth and ends at the anus

peristalsis

a series of wave-like contractions of the smooth muscles in a single direction that moves the food forward into the digestive system

bolus

a mass of food that has been chewed and is ready to be swallowed

mastication

breaks food down into smaller pieces, mixes it with saliva, and prepares it to be swallowed

chyme

the semifluid mass of partly digested food that passes out of the stomach, through the pyloric sphincter, and into the small intestine

borborygmus

the rumbling noise caused by the movement of gas in the intestine

or/o

mouth

append/o

appendix

col/o

colon

dia-

through, across

peri-

around

sub-

under, below

-emesis

vomit

-iasis

abnormal condition (produced by something specified)

-megaly

enlargement

-orexia

appetite

-pepsia

digestion

-phagia

swallowing, eating

-prandial

meal

-rrhea

discharge, flow

dilation

a procedure that expands an orifice (opening) or lumen (within a tube) of a tubular body part

restriction

partially closing an orifice or lumen of a tubular body part

antacid

neutralizes acidity, usually in the stomach - used to treat and prevent

mylanta, rolaids, tums, calcium carbonate

antacids

antidiarrheal

absorbs excess water in the bowel and/or slows peristalsis in the intestinal tract

imodium, donnagel, kaopectate

antidiarrheals

alimentary

pertaining to the digestive tract

digestion

breakdown of food into elements suitable for cell metabolism

esophagus

tube linking the pharynx and the stomach

gastric

pertaining to the stomach

gastroenterology

medical specialty of the stomach and intestines

intestine

the digestive tube from stomach to anus

lymph

a clear fluid collected from tissues and transported by vessels to venous circulation

mouth

external opening of a cavity or canal

absorption

uptake of nutrients and water by cells in the GI tract

amylase

enzyme that breaks down starch

bolus

single mass of a substance

contraction

a shortening of a muscle, which increases tension

deglutition

the act of swallowing

elimination

removal of waste material from the digestive tract

enzyme

protein that induces changes in other substances

ingestion

intake of food or drink into the digestive tract

lipase

enzyme that breaks down fat

peristalsis

waves of alternate contraction and relaxation of alimentary canal wall to move food through the digestive tract

protease

enzyme that breaks down protein

secrete

to release or give off, as substances produced by cels

a section of an organ or structure

masticate

to chew

oral

pertaining to the mouth

palate

roof of the mouth

papilla

any small projection

ruga

a fold, ridge, or crease

taste

sensation from chemicals on the taste buds

tongue

mobile muscle mass in the mouth; bears the taste buds

uvula

fleshy projection of the soft palate

bicuspid

having two points

crown

part of the tooth above the gum

cuspid

tooth with one point

dentin

dense, ivory-like substance located under the enamel in a tooth

enamel

hard substance covering a tooth

gingiva

tissue surrounding teeth and covering the jaw

immunoglobulin

specific protein evoked by an antigen

incisor

chisel-shaped tooth

lysozyme

enzyme that dissolves the cell walls of bacteria

molar

one of six teeth in each jaw that grind food

parotid

the salivary gland beside the ear

periodontal

around a tooth

pulp

dental pulp is the connective tissue in the cavity in the center of the tooth

root

fundamental or beginning part of a structure

saliva

secretion in the mouth from salivary glands

sublingual

pertaining to underneath the tongue

submandibular

pertaining to underneath the mandible

symptom

departure from the normal experienced by the patient

asymptomatic

absence of symptoms

cardiac

pertaining to the heart

constrictor

muscle that contracts or compresses an organ

deglutition

the act of swallowing

epiglottis

leaf-shaped plate of cartilage that shuts off larynx during swallowing

esophagus

tube linking the pharynx and stomach

nasopharynx

region of the pharynx at the back of the nose and above the soft palate

oropharynx

region at the back of the mouth between the soft palate and the tip of the epiglottis

pharynx

air tube from the back of the nose to the larynx

sphincter

bank of muscle that encircles an opening; when it contracts, the opening squeezes closed

chyme

semifluid, partially digested food passed from the stomach into the duodenum

duodenum

the first part of the small intestine; approximately 12 finger-breadths (9 to 10 inches) in length

gastrin

hormone secreted in the stomach that stimulates secretion of HCl and increases gastric motility

hydrochloric acid

the acid of gastric juice

intrinsic factor

substance secreted by the stomach that is necessary for the absorption of vitamin B12

malabsorption

to bring in inadequate gastrointestinal absorption of nutrients

mucus

sticky secretion of cells in mucous membranes

mucin

protein element of mucus

pepsin

enzyme produced by the stomach that breaks down protein

pepsinogen

enzyme converted by HCl in stomach to pepsin

pylorus

exit area of the stomach proximal to the duodenum

ileum

third portion of the small intestine

ileocecal

pertaining to the junction of the ileum and cecum