Learning Theories: Classical and Operant Conditioning

These flashcards cover key concepts and definitions related to classical and operant conditioning in the study of learning.

Classical Conditioning

A learning process that occurs when two stimuli are repeatedly paired together, leading to a conditioned response.

Unconditioned Stimulus (US)

A stimulus that naturally triggers a response without any conditioning.

Unconditioned Response (UR)

The natural reaction to an unconditioned stimulus.

Conditioned Stimulus (CS)

A previously neutral stimulus that, after association with an unconditioned stimulus, comes to trigger a conditioned response.

Conditioned Response (CR)

The learned response to a conditioned stimulus.

Acquisition

The initial stage of learning in classical conditioning, where the conditioned stimulus and unconditioned stimulus are paired.

Extinction

The diminishing of a conditioned response when the unconditioned stimulus no longer follows the conditioned stimulus.

Spontaneous Recovery

The reappearance of a conditioned response after a pause, suggesting that the learned associations were not entirely forgotten.

Stimulus Generalization

The tendency for stimuli similar to the conditioned stimulus to evoke similar responses.

Stimulus Discrimination

The learned ability to distinguish between different stimuli and respond only to the specific conditioned stimulus.

Higher-Order Conditioning

A form of conditioning where a conditioned stimulus is paired with a new neutral stimulus, creating a new conditioned response.

Operant Conditioning

A learning process where the behavior is modified based on the consequences of that behavior, such as reinforcement or punishment.

Law of Effect

Thorndike's principle that behaviors followed by favorable consequences are more likely to occur again, while those followed by unfavorable consequences are less likely.

Skinner Box

An experimental apparatus invented by Skinner to observe and record the behavior of animals in operant conditioning studies.