Geology Theme 2

lower canyon rock types

igneous and metamorphic

elves chasm __

gneiss, metamorphic

vishnu __

schist (metamorphic)

zoraster __

granite (igneous)

middle canyon

grand canyon supergroup (tilted)

slate temp + bands

lowest temp, thinnest bands

phyllite temp + bands

low temp, thin bands

schist temp + bands

high temp, thick bands

gneiss temp + bands

highest temp, thickest bands

cause of metamorphic foliation

pressure flattens rocks

regional metamorphism

mountain building event

contact metamorphism

contact with hot magma chamber

deformation metamorphism

ductile flow

metasomatism

hot fluid weakens minerals

stratigraphic/depositional contact

sed on sed, no time missing

igneous contact

igneous flowed onto other rocks

tectonic contact

fault/shear zones offset rocks

erosional contact

time gap from eroded rock

normal fault

divergent

reverse fault

convergent

strike/slip fault

transform

angular unconformity

angled rock under horizontal rock

disconformity

time gap

nonconformity

ig/met layer, sed on top

river zone 1: headwaters

steep melt off mountain

river zone 2: transfer

gentle slope, meandering river

river zone 3: depositional

flows to delta, deposits sediment

point bar

inside turn of river, depositional

cut bank

outside turn of river, erosional

wavebase

depth of water being pushed by wind

soil layer O

dark top soil

soil layer A

surface, minerals

soil layer B

subsoil, iron and clay

soil level C

unconsolidated sediment

soil level D

bedrock

phreatic zone

saturated ground water

vadose zone

not saturated ground water

DUDE

deposition, uplift, downcutting, erosion

clastic sedimentary rock

layered rock sediment

chemical sedimentary rock

deposition of chemical solids

uniformitarianism

processes are the same throughout time

superposition

younger sedimentary rocks are always on top

original horizontality

all sed rocks start horizontal

cross cutting relationships

igneous rocks are younger than rocks they cut into

inclusion

rock fragments are older than the rocks they’re contained in

faunal succession

simpler life is older and deeper

shore transgression, ocean to shore

limestone, shale, sandstone

metamorphic shale versions

slate, phyllite, schist, gneiss

metamorphic limestone version

marble

regression of shoreline

terrestrial grains advance

transgression of shoreline

oceanic grains advance

shale sediment category

clastic

shale look

dark, fine, thin

sandstone category

clastic

sandstone look

light, fine

conglomerate category

clastic

limestone category

chemical

limestone look

smooth, light, speckled