Sacrum - Anatomy & Diagnosis Exam Review

These flashcards cover key concepts related to the anatomy and diagnosis of the sacrum based on lecture notes, spanning various topics including palpation techniques, movement assessments, dysfunction classifications, and more.

Atlas of Osteopathic Techniques

Provides a comprehensive visual guide to osteopathic techniques.

Posterior Edge of ILA

Challenging to palpate due to a tight sacrotuberous ligament.

Palpation of ILAs

Thumbs should be placed over the posterior surface of the ILAs.

Asymmetric Tension

Indicates that a tight sacrotuberous ligament can cause asymmetry.

ILA Location

Found at the posterior/inferior edge during assessment.

Sacrotuberous Ligament Assessment

Typically finds the ILA is posterior/inferior on the tight side.

Sacrum Function

Connects the spine to the pelvis.

Landmarks for Sacral Alignment

Posterior superior iliac spines (PSIS) are crucial for assessment.

Sacrum Movement Testing Purpose

Evaluate the functional movement of the sacrum.

Types of Sacral Somatic Dysfunctions

Divided into physiologic and non-physiologic dysfunctions.

Physiologic Dysfunctions Characterization

Related to normal movement patterns.

Standing Flexion Test Indication

Identifies the dysfunctional side without specifying superior PSIS.

Shear Motion Definition

Described as a sliding motion in relation to the sacrum.

Sacral Rotation

Refers to turning about an axis.

L5 Sidebend Relationship

L5 sidebends to the same side as the axis.

Sacrum Rotation Relation to L5

The sacrum always rotates opposite to L5.

Torsion with Flexed L5

A flexed L5 is paired with a backward torsion.

L5 Diagnosis Example 1

L5 N Sright Rleft indicates neutral L5 with right side.

Assessing Sacral Dysfunction

Must rule out innominate shears and pubic somatic dysfunctions first.

First Step in Diagnosing Sacral Dysfunction

Diagnose L5.

Seated Flexion Test Laterality

Determined by which side presents the problem.

Spring Test Assessment Purpose

Assesses if the sacrum is forward or backward bent.

Sacral Sulcus Evaluation

Evaluates depth, either deep or shallow.

ILAs Position Assessment

Their position is assessed as posterior or inferior.

Axis in Sacral Diagnosis

Refers to the axis around which the sacrum is moving.

Movements Assessed in Axis

Torsions about an oblique axis.

Sacral Movement Flexion/Extension Evaluation

Concerns the middle transverse axis.

Left Unilateral Flexion Definition

Movement where the left side of the sacrum flexes.

Torsion Types

Left on Right Torsion involves left sacrum over right.

Seated Flexion Test Assessment

Identifies differences in movement on the left or right.

Left Positive Result in Seated Flexion Test

Left sacral base moves more than the right.

Deep Sulcus Findings

Examines the depth of the sacral sulcus on either side.

Postero-Inferior Finding

Refers to the position of the inferior lateral angle (ILA).

Spring Test Significance

Indicates sacral mobility by checking tissue resistance.

L5 Rotation Assessment

Determined by whether it rotates right or left.

L5 Sidebending Assessment Result

Reveals the direction in which L5 bends.

L5 Findings of Flexed (F)

Indicates L5 is in a forward position.

Torsion in Sacral Dysfunctions Definition

Refers to rotation of the sacrum about an oblique axis.

Types of Forward Torsion

Left on Left (LOL), and Right on Right (ROR) are types; Right on Left (ROL) is not.

Bilateral Extension Condition

Sacral base positioned posterior during bilateral extension.

Unilateral Flexion Recognition

Dysfunctional SIJ has the sacral base positioned anterior.

Right Unilateral Extension Description

Dysfunctional SIJ with sacral base posterior.

Physiologic Dysfunction Category

Forward torsion classified under physiologic sacral dysfunction.

Non-Physiologic Dysfunction Example

Left on Right (LOR) backward torsion.

Bilateral Flexion Positioning of Sacral Base

In bilateral flexion, sacral base is anterior.

Unilateral Movements Classification

Bilateral extension is NOT an unilateral movement.

Synovial Joint in Sacroiliac Region Definition

The ilium connects to the sacrum.

Posterior Superior Iliac Spine Location

Located at the posterior aspect of the ilium.

Pelvic Stability Importance

The sacroiliac joint connects sacrum and ilium.

Lumbar Vertebrae Articulation

The sacral base is the uppermost sacrum part.

Sacral Sulci Significance

Attachment of ligaments on the sacrum.

Inferior Lateral Angles (ILA) Importance

Important for maintaining pelvic alignment.

Sacrospinous Ligament Connection

Connects the sacrum to the ischial spine.

Sacroiliac Joint Connection

Sacrospinous ligament provides pelvic stability.

Ischial Tuberosity Location

A bony prominence located on the ischium.

Axis for Respiratory Movements

The Superior Transverse Axis (S1) is the cranial axis.

Middle Transverse Axis Function

Serves as the sacral axis for postural alignment.

Inferior Transverse Axis Role

Critical for walking movements.

Left/Right Oblique Axes Purpose

Facilitating movement during walking.

Left Positive Response in SFT

Indicates a positive response on the left side.

Right on Right in RUE

Indicates right on right side for right unilateral extension.

Bilateral Flexion Movement

Indicates simultaneous flexion on both sides.

Deep Sulcus Indication

A deeper sulcus on examination.

P/I in Sacral Diagnosis

Stands for Posterior/Inferred Inferior ILA.

Bilateral Flexion Characterization

Movement involving both sides.

Deep/Superior Movements Relation

Related to deeper positions.

SS Meaning in Sacral Context

Indicates a shallower sulcus.

L on L in Right Unilateral Extension

Refers to Left on Left side.

Movement Summary Concept Emphasis

Repeated emphasis on post/inferior movements.

Spring Test Functionality

Assess sacral motion.

Positive Finding on Left Side SFT

Indicates positive findings on the left side.

Left Unilateral Flexion Reference

Indicates Left on Left side.

R on R Notation Definition

Specific flexion pattern on the right side.

L on R Extension Significance

Indicates Left on right side.

Right Unilateral Flexion Description

Indicates flexion on the right side.

L on L in Unilateral Extension

Indicates Left on left side.

Unilateral Extension Findings Assessment

Indicates unilateral dysfunctions on the same side.

Unilateral Sacral Extension Dysfunction Definition

Characterized by asymmetrical movement patterns in the sacrum.

Spring Test Functionality Description

Helps assess sacral motion.

Sphinx Test Evaluation Purpose

Determines direction of dysfunction.

L5 Sidebending in Dysfunction Assessment

Identifies direction of movement in L5.

Right Unilateral Extension Indication

Identified with right shallow sacral sulcus and anterior ILA.

Deep Sulcus with Posterior ILA Significance

Indicates unilateral flexion/extension condition.

Left Oblique Axis Movement

Movement towards the left side.

Seated Flexion Test Negative Scenario

Occurred during bilaterally flexed or extended dysfunction.

Differentiation in Torsion and Rotation

Primarily assessed through L5 diagnosis.