REFORMATION

secular

Concerned with worldly rather than spiritual matters; non religious

Humanism

A Renaissance intellectual movement in which thinkers studied classical texts of ancient Greece and Rome and focused on human potential and achievements

Johannes Gutenberg

German inventor of the Printing Press; the ability to print at a faster rate made books cheaper and more widely available; this facilitated the exchange of ideas more rapidly than ever before.

The Printing Press

15th century invention by Johannes Gutenberg that revolutionized the ability to print information. This increased the speed of book and manuscript production which increased the speed of information transfer.

salvation

the acceptance into heaven

Martin Luther

German monk who first sought to reform the corruption in the Church. In 1517, he wrote The 95 Theses, or statements of belief attacking the corrupt church practices, especially indulgences. He eventually broke away from the Church, believing in Faith alone to obtain salvation, and started the Protestant Reformation. (1483-1546)

Wittenberg, Germany

where Martin Luther wrote his Ninety-five Theses leading to the Protestant Reformation

indulgence

Pardon or release from all or part of the punishment for sin

95 Theses

Document written by Martin Luther in Wittenberg, Germany that listed 95 things that Luther wanted to reform within the Church

Lutheranism

The first Protestant faith; created by Martin Luther who believed that salvation could be achieved through faith alone by the Bible only, not by the Catholic belief (from the time of Jesus) in good works and tradition; no pope, married clergy, only 2 sacraments (baptism & Eucharist).

Protestantism

a form of Christianity that broke away from the Catholic Church

Peace of Augsburg

Treaty passed by Charles V in 1555 which said that German princes determine the religions of their states and Lutheran states have the same legal rights as Catholic states

John Calvin

Swiss Protestant theologian and leader (born in France). Believed in predestination and justification by faith alone. Set up the Consistory in Geneva to oversee strict morality (1509-1564).

predestination

Calvinist belief that God had determined who would gain salvation before birth

King Henry VIII

King of England who split with the Catholic Church when they would not grant him a divorce; declared himself head of his own church: the Church of England

annul

Declare null and void

Act of Supremacy

two acts of the Parliament of England passed in 1534 and 1559 which established King Henry VIII of England and subsequent monarchs as the supreme head of the Church of England in charge of doctrine, clerical appointments, and discipline. Prior to 1534, the supreme head of the English Church was the Pope of the Roman Catholic Church

Counter Reformation

The movement in the 16th century within the Catholic church to reform itself as a result of the Protestant Reformation; included 3 Pillars to achieve this reform

Trent

The city where the Council of Trent was held by Pope Paul III to reform the Catholic Church. Started in May of 1545 and met off and on for 18 years. Members included cardinals, bishops, archbishops, abbots, and theologians.

The Council of Trent

Reaffirmed traditional Catholic teachings, forbade the sale of indulgences, confirmed salvation through both faith and good works, planned to address corruption and to increase clear education of Catholic doctrine

Ignatius of Loyola

Spaniard and Roman Catholic theologian and founder of the Society of Jesus (Jesuits); a leading opponent of the Protestant Reformation (1491-1556)

Jesuits

The Society of Jesus, a Roman Catholic order of priests founded by St. Ignatius Loyola, St. Francis Xavier, and others in 1534, to do missionary work. The order was zealous in opposing the Protestant Reformation.