Physiology (muscle) - Irene Gold Booklet :)

What is the functional unit of a muscle

alpha motor neuron + all muscle fibers it innervates

What is the functional unit of a muscle fiber

Sarcomere

What part of muscle fiber will remain constant with contraction

Aniontropic band (A band)

The isotropic band (I band) is made up only of

Actin

The H band is made up only of

Myosin

What muscle band is considered Light

I (isotropic) band

What type of muscle twitch is used for speed/explosive power like in weightlifting or sprinting

Fast twitch

What muscle type is red in color due to having more myoglobin and mitochondria

Slow twitch

Slow twitch muscles are good for what type of activity

Endurance/steady power like marathon running

What type of muscle contraction has no change in muscle length just increase in tension

Isometric

What type of muscle contraction changes muscle length but tension remains constant

Isotonic (concentric or eccentric)

What type of muscle contraction occurs with constant speed and variable resistance

Isokinetic

What stimulates extrafusal muscle fibers

Alpha motor neurons

What stimulates intrafusal muscle fibers

Gamma motor neurons

What type of muscle fiber contains the muscle spindles

Intrafusal fibers

________ muscle fibers are voluntary while _________ muscle fibers are involuntary

Extrafusal; intrafusal

Function of muscle spindels

Monitor stretch of muscle and speed of contraction

What specialized sensory fibers are used for that static and dynamic response

Group 1a afferents/ Primary receptors

What specialized sensory fibers are used for only static response

Group II afferents / secondary receptors

Beforre muscle contraction what covers the actin binding site

Tropomysoin

Before muscle contraction what is bound to myosin

ATP

What is initiated when calcium is reabsorbed into the presynaptic bulb

Muscle contraction

What releases calcium during muscle contraction

Sarcoplasmic reticulum

How does the actin binding site get uncovered for muscle contraction

Calcium binds to troponin which releases tropomysin from the site

Following muscle contraction what is the primary way to breakdown acetylcholine

Presynaptic uptake (no energy)

What type of acetylcholine breakdown requires energy

Secondary (acetylcholinesterase)

for SMOOTH muscle contraction to occur what does calcium bind to

Calmodulin (no troponin in smooth muscle)

What filament slides during muscle contraction

Actin

What allows smooth muscle to relax

Myosin phosphatase and calcium pump

What type of muscle has more involved sodium channels compared to calcium

Skeletal muscle

What type of muscle has more involved calcium channels compared to sodium

Smooth muscle

What neurotransmitter is affected in clostridium botulism

Acetylcholine will not be released

What condition is associated with floppy baby syndrome

Clostridium Botulinum

What is the autoimmune disorder that creates antibodies against acetylcholine receptors

Myasthenia gravis

What neurotransmitter is affected by clostridium tetanae

Inhibitory neurotransmitters (GABA & glycine)

what brain waves are for heightened perception

Gamma

What brain waves are for normal alert consciousness

Beta

What type of brain waves physically and mentally relaxes and disappears during sleep

Alpha

What brain waves are for reduced consciousness, deep meditation, dreams,

Theta

What type of brain waves are for deep dreamless sleep

Delta

Increased venous pressure will lead to what type of edema

Pulmonary edema and pitting edema

What force is responsible for pulling fluid back into the capillary

Oncotic pressure

What is Myxedema

Hypothyroidism

What is the term for generalized edema across the whole body

Anasarca

Transport that directly uses ATP to move membranes across the membrane against the gradient

Primary active transport

Transport that uses and electrochemical gradient as energy to move molecules across a membrane against their gradient

Secondary active transport (co-transport)