OT Theories Ch 2+3 Quiz

which historical period shaped the foundation of OT in its early days?

the enlightenment (1600s-1800s)

define the moral treatment movement

movement occurring in the 1800s in Europe, focusing on compassionate treatment of individuals with mental illness

which 3 individuals were important to the success of the moral treatment movement?

Philippe Pinel, Dr. Benjamin Rush, and Dorothea Dix

what was the pre-paradigm of OT based on?

the moral treatment movement

what caused the decline of the moral treatment movement in the US?

Overcrowding of US hospitals due to immigration, which led to prejudice against ethnic groups and people with disabilities

when did development of the early occupation paradigm begin?

the progressive era (following Civil War reconstruction and advancements to industry and science)

which 4 movements influenced the founders of OT?

women’s suffrage, mental hygiene, settlement house, and the arts and crafts movement

what was founded in 1917 in New York?

the National Society for the Promotion of Occupational Therapy (NSPOT)

who were the 7 founders of NSPOT?

George Bartion, William Rush Dunton Jr., Susan Cox Johnson, Thomas B. Kidner, Isabel Newton, Eleanor Clarke Slagle, and Susan Tracy

what happened 3 weeks after NSPOT was founded?

the US entered World War 1

how did WWI influence the growth of OT?

OTs were deployed as reconstruction aides, treating recovering soldiers using crafts

what did the use of OT in WWI mark the start of?

the use of OT to treat physical disabilities rather than just mental illness

how did OT become more legitimized during the early occupation paradigm?

it became more affiliated with the field of medicine

what are the 5 core concepts of the early occupation paradigm?

• humans are occupational beings

• occupation consists of moving between modes of existing, thinking, and acting

• the mind and body are linked

• idleness damages the body and mind

• occupation can be used to address idleness and regain lost function

what are the 3 values of the early occupation paradigm?

• belief in the essential worth of the individual and their right to humane care

• meaning and dignity are achieved through occupational participation

• a holistic viewpoint that the mind, body, and environment are connected

what are the practical applications of the early occupation paradigm?

addressed the mind, body, and environment via

• motivating clients

• adapting and grading tasks

• creatively using occupations

• structuring routines

• providing opportunities for occupational participation

define remediation

the process of restoring a function or ability by reducing underlying impairments and improving a client’s functional capacity

when did the OT profession shift its focus more to remediation?

in the 1940s, following medicine’s establishment of the biomedical model of disease

how did OT practice change during WWII?

OTs treated soldiers’ physical/mental conditions directly rather than using previous methods (gardening and crafts)

define physiatry?

medical specialty established in 1944, combining physical medicine with rehabilitation

what was the goal of physiatry in relation to the OT profession?

physiatrists sought to take control of OT practice and education

who was Beatrice D. Wade?

head of university OT department who successfully fought against physician control of the OT profession

how did the OT profession change following physiatry’s attempt to take over the profession?

leading OTs recognized the need to better align the paradigm of OT with medicine’s growing focus on physical rehab

what was the focus of the remediation paradigm?

treating underlying neurological, anatomical, and psychological mechanisms in order to reduce clients’ impairments to improve daily functioning

how did OTs treat clients under the remediation paradigm?

the interventions used were chosen to address physical challenges rather than for the enjoyment/well-being of the client

what were the core concepts of the remediation paradigm?

• the ability to do an activity is directly determined by how well the body and mind are working

• dysfunction/impairment is due to damage or abnormal development in the neurological, musculoskeletal, cognitive, sensory, and/or psychological systems

• performance can be improved by addressing impairments in 1+ body systems through changing it or compensating for it

what were the values of the remediation paradigm?

• scientifically and medically oriented

• objectivity and exactness in problem identification and measurement

• activities must improve underlying issues in body systems

what were the practical applications of the remediation paradigm?

• practice focused on remediating impairments in the body systems

• development of research-based assessments and interventions were consistent with the biomedical model

how did closure of state-run psych facilities affect OT by the 1960s?

use of OT in physical rehab surpassed its use in mental health

which group was founded in 1974 to support black OT students and practitioners?

The Black Caucus of Occupational Therapists

when did the occupational knowledge paradigm begin?

in the 1980s

who was Mary Reilly?

OT professor and founder of the “occupational behavior” frame of reference

what is the approach of occupational models?

top-down approach, considering/understanding the client, their narrative, and their occupational participation

who was Kielhofner?

student of Mary Reilly who sought to organize the profession’s knowledge in the 1970s and 1980s, leading to the creation of MOHO

what is occupational science?

the science of occupation applied in OT practice; used to unify knowledge around occupation

what are the core concepts of the occupational knowledge paradigm?

• occupational engagement can maintain or restore health and well-being

• lack of engagement can lead to negative results in health and well-being

what are the values of the occupational knowledge paradigm?

• knowledge about occupation is needed to support practice

• treating the whole client in context is necessary

• maintain respect and an understanding of the client

• display empathy

what are the practical applications of the occupational knowledge paradigm?

• practice focuses on the dynamics of the person, environment, and occupation

• occupational performance emerges from this dynamic

• practitioners use various intervention approaches such as restoration, compensation, modification, and coaching