Life and Works of Rizal

Hero

• someone admired for achievements and noble qualities

• regarded as an ideal or model

• central figure in an event, period or movement

• honored for outstanding qualities

• showed courage and benevolence.

Factors Fostering Evil

• dehumanization

• diffusion of responsibility

• obedience to authority

• unjust systems

• group pressure

• moral disengagement

• anonymity

Factors of Heroism

• Compassionate or empathetic

• potential hero gene

• oxytocin levels

Heroic Imagination

Situations can prompt individuals to perform heroic deeds or villainous acts, showing the permeable line between good and evil.

National Hero Recognition

No official proclamation names Filipino historical figures as national heroes; recognition is left to academics and acclamation.

Rizal Law

Republic Act No. 1425, passed in June 1956, mandates teaching Jose Rizal's life and works in Philippine educational institutions.

Secularization

Transfer of parishes from Spanish regulars to seculars, including Filipino priests, challenged the power and wealth of the friars.

Filipino Consciousness

Opening to world trade, exposure to political thoughts, and rise of the middle class influenced Filipino consciousness and nationalism.

World Trade Impact

Opening to world trade in 1834 brought economic relief, exposed Filipinos to global developments, and influenced political ideologies.

Economic Development

Refers to the growth and progress of a country's economy, often involving factors like trade, industry, and infrastructure.

End of the galleon trade

Marks the conclusion of the maritime trade route between Manila and Acapulco, impacting the economic dynamics of the region.

Opening of the Suez Canal

● opened in 1869, caused the influx of trade volume and liberal ideals

● Signified the inauguration of the crucial waterway connecting the Mediterranean Sea to the Red Sea, facilitating global trade.

Opening of the Philippine port to the WT

Indicates the access granted to the Philippines for trade with other nations, influencing the economy and commerce of the region.

Rise of export crop economy

Describes the shift towards an economy focused on producing goods primarily for export, affecting the agricultural sector and trade patterns.

Education reforms

Refers to changes made to the education system aimed at improving access, quality, and relevance of education for the populace.

Rise of the Middle Class

Represents the emergence and growth of a social class between the wealthy elite and the working class, often associated with economic stability and influence.

Liberalism

Ideology advocating for individual liberties, representative government, and limited state intervention in personal and economic affairs.

Bourbon Reforms

Series of administrative and economic changes implemented by the Bourbon monarchs in Spain to centralize power and improve governance.

Cadiz Constitution

Constitution drafted during the Cortes of Cadiz in 1812, embodying liberal principles and establishing a constitutional monarchy in Spain.

inspired by the idea of “enlightened absolutism“, one of the oldest liberal constitution in Europe

Carlos María de la Torre y Navacerrada

Soldier and politician who served as Governor-General of the Philippines from 1869 to 1871, known for his liberal policies and reforms.

La Gloriosa Revolution

Refers to the 1868 revolution in Spain that led to the deposition of Queen Isabella II and the establishment of a provisional government, paving the way for liberal reforms.

Paul Zack

Proposed the thoery of the level of oxytocin in the body as a factor for becoming a hero

Who issued the National Heroes Committee?

issued by Fidel V. Ramos — March 28, 1953, under the office of the president

Principal Duty of NHC

To study, evaluate and recommend Filipino national personages / heroes in due recognition of their sterling character and remarkable achievements for the country

Criteria established by NHC

have a concept of nation and thereafter aspire and struggle for the nation’s freedom.

define and contribute to a system or life of freedom and order for a nation.

contribute to the quality of life and destiny of a nation.

What criteria did the NHC adopted?

15th of November, 1953, NHC adopted the criteria submitted by Dr. Alfredo Lagmay

Lagmay’s Criteria

hero is part of the people's expression

hero thinks of the future

choice of hero involves not only the recountinf og an episode or event in history, but of the entire process

Figures Selected by the NHC

• Jose Rizal

• Andres Bonifacio

• Emilio Aguinaldo

• Apolinario Mabini

• Melchora Aquino

• Marcelo H. del Pilar

• Sultan Dipatuan Kudarat

• Juna Luna

• Gabriela Silang

Catholic Controversy behiond the Law

●viewed Rizal’s novels as blasphemous

●used the same influence in preventing the novels to be read by Filipinos

●Rufino Santos penned an impassioned pastoral letter protesting the bill to be read on all masses

What did Abinales and Amoroso said on the RC controversy?

Church feared the bill would violate freedom of conscience and religion

Leyes de las Indias

●First code of colonial laws

●Compiled by ecclesiastical authorities – medicated or clerical orders of the Catholic Church

Gold, God, and Glory

●The motive generating the overseas exploration, expansion, and conquest

●Allowed various European countries to structure “geopolitics” and to rise the world superpower

Encomienda System

• Introduced in 1570

• Legaspi distributed lands in Cebu to loyal Spanish subjects

• Encomiendero are the men who received the favor of land

Repartimiento de Labor

• Allowed for forceful labor

Policies implemented to keep the Filipinos in political subjection

• Taxation system

• Force labor

• Galleon trade

• Government monopolies

• Agricultural and Trade policies

Spain’s Government Forms

• Military

• Constitutional

• Liberal

• Republic (1868 - 1873)

Cash Crops

are agricultural crops that are planted for the purpose of selling on the market or for export to make profit

April 3, 1956

Senate Bill No. 438 was filed — Senate Committee on Education.

April 17, 1956

Senate Committee on Education Chair – Jose P. Laurel sponsored the bill and began delivering speeches for the proposed legislation

May 9, 1956

Senator Jose P. Laurel proposed amendments to the bill to move its progress

Bandala System

●The government requiring each province to meet quota of commodities assigned to it

●A form of direct taxes that theSpaniards implemented for coercing natives to sell their products to the government at very low prices

Tax

are requirment for the conquered people to render tribute in recognition of Spanish sovereignty

From 1571 - 1884

Filipinos paid tribute to Spain amounting 8 reales or 1 peso. Payable in cash or in kind.

Tax: 1589

• Tribute was increase to 10 reales; later turned to 12 — year 1851

Tax: 1884

Reform decreeing to abolish the tribute, and the government instituted the personal cedula tax

Cedula

Graduated poll-tax based upon the income of the taxpayer

Philip Zimbardo

defined heroism as an activity with several parts

Who explored the nature and roots of heroism?

Phililp Zimbardo

According to Zimbardo, a hero:

●Performs service to others in need

●Engaged in voluntarily act going beyond what is asked

●performs with recognition of the possible risks — actor is willing to accept sacrifices

●Acts without external gain

Who were the principal people of the Pre-Colonial Philippines?

• Negritos

• proto-Malay

• Malay

Onofre Corpus, said:

“...our ancestors evolved an essentially homogenous culture…Nature was a primary factor. Overall, community life through the archipelago was influenced by, and responded to the common ecology. The geographically benign tropical climate and the largely uniform flora and fauna favored similarities, not differences.”

Polities

Chiefdoms of different economic scale and hierarchical complexity

The social unit and named base on a Malay term Balangay

Barangay

Protestant Reformation

on 16th century

Religious, political, intellectual and cultural upheaval of the Catholic Europe

Figures who lead the Protestant Reform in Europe

• Martin Luther

• John Calvin

• Henry VIII

Protestant reform aimed to:

• Challenge papal authority

• Question the Catholic Church's ability to define Christian practice

• Argue for a political and religious redistribution of power

When was the secularization of Parishes occured?

in 1770 a royal decree was issued for secularizaion of parishes

Reasons for secularizaion

Friars are:

• negligent of their duties

• occupied with amassing wealth and lands

Who recommended to the King of Spain to open Manila to world commerce?

Governor-General Félix Berenguer de Marquina

What catapulted the Spanish king to open Manila to world trade?

Bankruptcy of the Real Compaña de Filipinas (Royal Company of the Philippines)

In a royal decree issued on September 6, 1834 the privileges of the company were revoked

Impact of Bourbon reform

promotes economic development independent of the subsidy from Nueva Espania

Who sent Carlos Maria dela Torre y Navacerrada after the ouster of Queen Isabel II?

Francisco Serrano

Peninsulares

Full blooded spaniards born in spain

Américano

● Person of Criollo (pure spanish or mostly)

● Castizo (1/4 native american, ¾ spanish)

● Mestizo (1/2 spanish, ½ native american)

descent born in spanish america

Insulares

Full blooded spaniards born in the philippines

Tornatrás

Person of mixed spanish, chinese, and austronesian descent

Mestizo de Español

Person of mixed spanish and austronesian descent

Mestizo de Sangley

Person of mixed chinese and austronesian ancestry

Sangley

Full blooded chinese

Indio

Full blooded austronesian

Negrito

Full blooded aeta, batak or mamanwa

Those who opposed the Rizal Bill painted Recto as…

A communist and anti-Catholic