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133 Terms

1
binary fission
All bacteria cells divide by \________ \_________
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2
asexual reproduction
1 cell to 2 cells to 4 cells is what kind of reproduction?
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3
previous generations
where does the genetic information come from?
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4
little more than 50% from mom and the remaining from dad
how much genetic information do we get from mom and dad?
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5
genetics
the study of what genes are, how they carry information, how information is expressed, and how genes are replicated
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6
chromosome
structure containing DNA that physically carries hereditary information; the chromosomes contain the genes.
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7
genome
all the genetic information in a cell
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8
23 pairs/ 22 are somatic and 1 sex pair (XX or XY)
how many pairs of chromosomes do (we) humans have? and what kind of pairs are they?
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9
150 million, but today it is possible to do with the cost of thousands of dollars
how much did the Human Genome Project cost?
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10
genomics
the molecular study of genomes
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11
genotype
the genes of an organism, (you cannot see/ codes in our body)
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12
phenotype
expression of genes, (you can visually see)
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13
gene
sequence of nucleotides in DNA that codes for a functional product.
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14
vibrio cholera
\_________ \__________ is the production of enterotoxins that are controlled by genes
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15
mycoplasma
\_______________ has no cell wall, cannot give penicillin
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16
cause of disease

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prevent disease treatment

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18
manipulated for human benefit
the 3 alterations of bacterial genes and gene expression
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19
methicillin resistant staphylococcus aureus
what does MRSA stand for?
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20
superbugs
today we have what's called \______________ , they're resistant to every single anti-microbial but could be treated with combination of drugs
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21
genetic code
a set of rules that determines how a nucleotide sequence is converted to an amino acid sequence of a protein
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22
Sun Protection Factor
SPF means?
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23
nitrogenous
ATCGGTC are \_______________ bases?
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24
DNA
over exposure of light could cause skin cancer and change the \_______ which causes a mutation.
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25
central dogma
\___________ \___________ :
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26
typical chain of events-

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27
DNA -(transcription)-\> mRNA

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28


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mRNA -(translation)-\> protein

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30


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protein --\> function

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32
Deoxyribonucleic
DNA\= \___________________ acid
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33
deoxyribose \=sugar

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34
phosphate

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35
and nitrogenous bases (A, G, T, and C)
what're the components of DNA?
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36
A- adenine

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37
G- guanine (purines)

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T-thymine

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C- cytosine (pyrimidines)
what does each nitrogenous base mean? (A,G,T,C)
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40
sugar + phosphate + base
what're the nucleoTIDE components?
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41
sugar + base
what're the nucleoSIDE components?
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42
double helix
the structure of DNA (two strands running antiparallel)
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43
missing oxygen
the phrase Deoxy can be broken down to DE OXY, what does this mean?
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44
A\= T and G\= C
what do A and G bond to?
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45
both thymine & cytosine have a Y
A silly way to remember purine vs pyrimidines is:
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46
bidirectional
Most bacteria DNA replication is \_______________
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47
one copy of the DNA molecule from parent cell
Each offspring cell receives:
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48
proofreading capability of DNA polymerase
Replication is highly accurate due to:
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49
once in every one billion
DNA polymerase will make a mistake how many times?
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50
spontaneous
The mistakes DNA polymerase makes are \____________________
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51
Watson Crick and Rosaline Franklin, Rosaline had passed so Watson received the Nobel prize
These two individuals discovered DNA but only one was given a nobel prize, who?:
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52
deoxyribose-phosphate
the "backbone" of DNA consists of \_________________-\_________________
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53
A-T and C-G bonds
the two strands of nucleotides are held together by hydrogen bonds between \_____-\_____ and \_______-\________
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54
genetic instructions
Order of the nitrogen-containing bases forms the \__________ \_________________ of the organism
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55
topoisomerase, gyrase, helicase, \------
5 enzymes in DNA replication:
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56
fork
In DNA replication a replication \_________ is created.
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57
nucleotides
DNA polymerase adds \__________________ to the growing DNA strand
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58
leading / lagging / Okazaki
In DNA replication, the \______________ strand is synthesized continously and \____________ strand is synthesized discontinously, creating \_________________ fragments
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59
RNA primers / DNA polymerase
DNA polymerase removes \________ \__________ and Okazaki fragments are joined by \_______ \_______________ and DNA ligase
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60
semi conservative
what is DNA replication also called? (one strand comes from parents and are making a new copy)
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61
RNA
what is replication converting DNA to?
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62
nucleotides
Energy is supplied by \________________ for replication
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63
hydrolysis
\_________________ of two phosphate groups on ATP provides energy.
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64
1) contains genetic profile of cell

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65
2) undergoes transcription into RNA
DNA function:
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1) ?

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2) ?

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Ribonucleic
RNA \= \_________________ acid
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69
Ribose \= sugar

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phosphate

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Nitrogenous bases\= Guanine, Cytosine, Adenine, and Uracil
Components of RNA: (3 listed)
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72
single-stranded
RNA is a \_______-\___________ nucleotide
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73
thymine
RNA contains uracil instead of \____________
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74
protein synthesis
function of RNA is to perform?
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75
protein
RNA goes through translation into \___________
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76
5-carbon
RNA is a \___-\_________ ribose sugar
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77
UACCGGUU
what would be the RNA to DNA sequence if original is:
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78


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ATGGCCAA

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80
- ribosomal RNA (rRNA)

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- transfer RNA (tRNA)

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- messenger RNA (mRNA)
Types of RNA: (3 listed)
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83
integral part of ribosomes / (is protein synthesis)
Ribosomal RNA definition
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84
transports amino acids during protein synthesis, "assembly line"
Transfer RNA
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85
carries coded information from DNA to ribosomes- "here's the plan, the code"
Messenger RNA
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Initiation

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Elongation

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Termination
Transcription process steps: (3)
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89
RNA polymerase
the MAIN enzyme in transcription
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90
transcription and translation
Both \___________ and \____________ enable DNA and RNA to make proteins
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91
DNA
Transcription is synthesis of a complementary mRNA strand from a \______ template
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92
RNA polymerase binds to the promoter sequence on DNA
Transcription begins when:
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93
5' (prime) to 3' (prime)
Transcription proceeds in the \____ --\> \_____ direction, only one of the two DNA strands get transcribed
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terminator
A \_________ sequence means transcription stops when reached.
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95
complete
In bacteria, transcription can begin before transcription is \_____________.
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96
language
mRNA is translated into the "\______________" of proteins
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97
codons
\__________ are groups of three mRNA nucleotides that code an amino acid
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98
61
How many sense codons encode the 20 amino acids?
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99
degeneracy
The genetic code involves \_______________, meaning each amino acid is coded by several codons
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three
A codon is a group of \___________ nucleotides on mRNA.
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