micro

binary fission

All bacteria cells divide by \________ \_________

asexual reproduction

1 cell to 2 cells to 4 cells is what kind of reproduction?

previous generations

where does the genetic information come from?

little more than 50% from mom and the remaining from dad

how much genetic information do we get from mom and dad?

genetics

the study of what genes are, how they carry information, how information is expressed, and how genes are replicated

chromosome

structure containing DNA that physically carries hereditary information; the chromosomes contain the genes.

genome

all the genetic information in a cell

23 pairs/ 22 are somatic and 1 sex pair (XX or XY)

how many pairs of chromosomes do (we) humans have? and what kind of pairs are they?

150 million, but today it is possible to do with the cost of thousands of dollars

how much did the Human Genome Project cost?

genomics

the molecular study of genomes

genotype

the genes of an organism, (you cannot see/ codes in our body)

phenotype

expression of genes, (you can visually see)

gene

sequence of nucleotides in DNA that codes for a functional product.

vibrio cholera

\_________ \__________ is the production of enterotoxins that are controlled by genes

mycoplasma

\_______________ has no cell wall, cannot give penicillin

cause of disease

prevent disease treatment

manipulated for human benefit

the 3 alterations of bacterial genes and gene expression

methicillin resistant staphylococcus aureus

what does MRSA stand for?

superbugs

today we have what's called \______________ , they're resistant to every single anti-microbial but could be treated with combination of drugs

genetic code

a set of rules that determines how a nucleotide sequence is converted to an amino acid sequence of a protein

Sun Protection Factor

SPF means?

nitrogenous

ATCGGTC are \_______________ bases?

DNA

over exposure of light could cause skin cancer and change the \_______ which causes a mutation.

central dogma

\___________ \___________ :

typical chain of events-

DNA -(transcription)-\> mRNA

mRNA -(translation)-\> protein

protein --\> function

Deoxyribonucleic

DNA\= \___________________ acid

deoxyribose \=sugar

phosphate

and nitrogenous bases (A, G, T, and C)

what're the components of DNA?

A- adenine

G- guanine (purines)

T-thymine

C- cytosine (pyrimidines)

what does each nitrogenous base mean? (A,G,T,C)

sugar + phosphate + base

what're the nucleoTIDE components?

sugar + base

what're the nucleoSIDE components?

double helix

the structure of DNA (two strands running antiparallel)

missing oxygen

the phrase Deoxy can be broken down to DE OXY, what does this mean?

A\= T and G\= C

what do A and G bond to?

both thymine & cytosine have a Y

A silly way to remember purine vs pyrimidines is:

bidirectional

Most bacteria DNA replication is \_______________

one copy of the DNA molecule from parent cell

Each offspring cell receives:

proofreading capability of DNA polymerase

Replication is highly accurate due to:

once in every one billion

DNA polymerase will make a mistake how many times?

spontaneous

The mistakes DNA polymerase makes are \____________________

Watson Crick and Rosaline Franklin, Rosaline had passed so Watson received the Nobel prize

These two individuals discovered DNA but only one was given a nobel prize, who?:

deoxyribose-phosphate

the "backbone" of DNA consists of \_________________-\_________________

A-T and C-G bonds

the two strands of nucleotides are held together by hydrogen bonds between \_____-\_____ and \_______-\________

genetic instructions

Order of the nitrogen-containing bases forms the \__________ \_________________ of the organism

topoisomerase, gyrase, helicase, \------

5 enzymes in DNA replication:

fork

In DNA replication a replication \_________ is created.

nucleotides

DNA polymerase adds \__________________ to the growing DNA strand

leading / lagging / Okazaki

In DNA replication, the \______________ strand is synthesized continously and \____________ strand is synthesized discontinously, creating \_________________ fragments

RNA primers / DNA polymerase

DNA polymerase removes \________ \__________ and Okazaki fragments are joined by \_______ \_______________ and DNA ligase

semi conservative

what is DNA replication also called? (one strand comes from parents and are making a new copy)

RNA

what is replication converting DNA to?

nucleotides

Energy is supplied by \________________ for replication

hydrolysis

\_________________ of two phosphate groups on ATP provides energy.

1) contains genetic profile of cell

2) undergoes transcription into RNA

DNA function:

1) ?

2) ?

Ribonucleic

RNA \= \_________________ acid

Ribose \= sugar

phosphate

Nitrogenous bases\= Guanine, Cytosine, Adenine, and Uracil

Components of RNA: (3 listed)

single-stranded

RNA is a \_______-\___________ nucleotide

thymine

RNA contains uracil instead of \____________

protein synthesis

function of RNA is to perform?

protein

RNA goes through translation into \___________

5-carbon

RNA is a \___-\_________ ribose sugar

UACCGGUU

what would be the RNA to DNA sequence if original is:

ATGGCCAA

- ribosomal RNA (rRNA)

- transfer RNA (tRNA)

- messenger RNA (mRNA)

Types of RNA: (3 listed)

integral part of ribosomes / (is protein synthesis)

Ribosomal RNA definition

transports amino acids during protein synthesis, "assembly line"

Transfer RNA

carries coded information from DNA to ribosomes- "here's the plan, the code"

Messenger RNA

Initiation

Elongation

Termination

Transcription process steps: (3)

RNA polymerase

the MAIN enzyme in transcription

transcription and translation

Both \___________ and \____________ enable DNA and RNA to make proteins

DNA

Transcription is synthesis of a complementary mRNA strand from a \______ template

RNA polymerase binds to the promoter sequence on DNA

Transcription begins when:

5' (prime) to 3' (prime)

Transcription proceeds in the \____ --\> \_____ direction, only one of the two DNA strands get transcribed

terminator

A \_________ sequence means transcription stops when reached.

complete

In bacteria, transcription can begin before transcription is \_____________.

language

mRNA is translated into the "\______________" of proteins

codons

\__________ are groups of three mRNA nucleotides that code an amino acid

61

How many sense codons encode the 20 amino acids?

degeneracy

The genetic code involves \_______________, meaning each amino acid is coded by several codons

three

A codon is a group of \___________ nucleotides on mRNA.