HLSC-1200U Week 1 Notes

Anatomy

science of the structure of an organism

Physiology

science of the function of an organism

Functions of Human Life

• Organization

• Metabolism

• Responsiveness

• Movement

• Development

• Growth

• Reproduction

Anabolism

• smaller molecules that combine into more complex substances

• Requires energy

Catabolic Reaction

• large molecules that are broken down into simpler molecules

• Releases energy

Metabolism

• sum of anabolic and catabolic reactions

• anabolism and catabolism occur simultaneously to keep you alive

What are the Requirements for Human Life?

• Oxygen

• Nutrients

• Narrow Range of Temperature

• Narrow Range of Atmospheric Pressure

Homeostasis

• ability to maintain/restore an environment at a certain level

Set Point

• value around which normal range fluctuates

Normal Range

• restricted set of values for optimum function

Feedback

• a variable constant flowing back from the sensor to the integrator

Stimulus

• any factor which causes a change from normal

Sensor

• detects and reacts to any change from normal

Integrating

• compares values to its normal range to determine the need to initiate a specific action

Effector

• causes a change in order to return value to normal range

Negative Feedback

• common

• produces an effect opposite to the change that activated it

• maintains homeostasis

Ex. sweating

Positive Feedback

• brings specific body function to swift completion

• amplifies or reinforces the change that is occuring

• disrupts homeostasis

Ex. clotting process

Microanatomy/Microscopic Anatomy

• study of the structures of the body at a smaller scale

Gross/Macroscopic Anatomy

• study of the larger structure of the body

Regional Anatomy

• study of the interrelationships of all the structures in a specific body region

Systemic Anatomy

• study of the structures that make up a discrete body system

Levels of Structural Organization of the Human Body

Chemical → Organelle → Cellular → Tissue → Organ → System → Organism

Superior (cranial)

above

Inferior (caudal)

below

Medial

Towards the middle

Lateral

towards the sides

Anterior (ventral)

front

Posterior (dorsal)

back

Proximal

closer

Distal

farther

Afferent

going towards the center

Efferent

going away from the center

Frontal (Coronal) Plane

• side to side

• divides into anterior and posterior portions

Saggital Plane

• Runs through the middle from the front to the back

• Divides into left and right portions

Transverse (Horizontal) Plane

• Runs “crosswise” plane

• Divides into upper and lower parts

The Dorsal Cavity is Divided into Two Smaller Cavities:

• Cranial Cavity

  • Brain

• Spinal Cavity

  • Spinal Cord

The Ventral Cavity is Divided into Two Smaller Cavities:

• Thoracic Cavity

  • Esophagus, heart, lungs

• Abdominopelvic Cavity

  • digestive organs, reproductive

Serous (Serosa) Membrane

• thin membrane that cover walls + organs in anterior cavities

• form fluid-filled sacs

What does each Serous Membrane Contain?

• visceral layer to cover the organ(s)

• parietal layer to line the walls

• narrow, fluid-filled cavity