APUSH Chapter 5 Review

What was the Olive Branch?

A petition sent to the king as a last attempt formal war

What was the result of the Olive Branch petition?

It was rejected

What was the general idea of the “Declaration of the Causes and Necessity of Taking Up Arms?”

Proclaimed the British government had left Americans with two options, submission to tyranny or resistance by force

Why did colonies go from wanting to redress grievances to wanting independence?

Cost of War, British recruited Indians and foreigners against them, rejection of Olive Branch Petition, Prohibitory Act

Why was the cost of war a factor?

Human and financial morality was so high that original war aims seemed to modest to justify them

Why was the Olive Branch rejection a factor?

Colonists believed Britain was forcing them to be independent in a way

Why was the Prohibitory Act a factor?

Closed colonies to overseas trade and blocked naval colonial ports

When was Common Sense written?

1776

Who wrote Common Sense?

Thomas Paine

What was the message of Common Sense?

Direct anger ar English constitution, it’s practical to break completely from a corrupted monarchy

Who was the main author of the Declaration of Independence?

Thomas Jefferson

Who helped Thomas Jefferson write the Declaration of Independence?

Ben Franklin & John Adams

What was the first part of the Declaration of Independence?

Protect the rights of life, liberty, and property

Who changed property to pursuit of happiness?

Thomas Jefferson

What was the second part of the Declaration of Independence?

Listed alleged crimes of the king who violated his “contract” with the colonies, forfeiting claim to their loyalties

Supporters of Independence

Torries

Supporters of Parliament

Loyalists

What were the Articles of Confederation?

Established weak functions of national government

What was a reason Articles of Confederation were weak?

Process of creating government slow and weak, continental congress coordinated, but most power laid in the states

What was the role of the Continental Congress during the war?

Chief coordinating agency of the war efforts

Why was ability to finance war a problem for the colonies?

No access to British markets, Congress had no power to levy taxes, inflation because of issue of paper money

Who did America come to rely on?

France

What did the government do because they couldn’t collect taxes?

Issued paper money

Why did some colonial farmers/merchants prefer British buissness?

Gold/silver over paper money

Why was it hard to get troops for the military?

Patriotism faded some with hardship from trying to jumpstart country.

What were George Washington’s strengths that helped him lead the Continental Army?

Trusted symbol of stability. Commanded in French and Indian War, experienced in Battle at Fort Necessity (despite loss)

How did William Howe feel about colonists?

Didn’t despise them, wanted to awe them into submission

Advantages of Britain?

Greatest Navy, Access to resources of an empire, 32,000 v.s 19,000

What years did Britain have strongest chances of winning?

1776-1778

Advantages of colonies?

Americans fighting on their own ground, British far from resources even having them, Deeply committed to conflict, Aid from abroad

William Howes shortcomings?

Disbelieving legitimacy of war, leaving comrade Burgoyne to fight alone, allowing Washington to retreat/regroup, could’ve moved in to attack

What year was Saratoga battle?

1777

How was American victory at Saratoga a turning point?

British surrender led to stronger alliance with Americans and French

What was the outcome of the battle at Saratoga?

Short of materials and help, Burgoyne surrendered the rest of his army to the Americans

How did Iroquois Confederacy feel about the Revolution?

Declared neutral, but 3/6 sided with the British in hopes that their win would mean less settlers pushing them off land

What was the British approach after defeat at Saratoga

Tactics not involving military, making inside efforts in Loyalist concentrated areas

What were the issues with British tactics not involving military?

More Patriots than envisioned, Loyalists refused to help from fear of Patriots, slaves emancipation to disrupt order, angry slave-owners

What was the Battle of York Town?

Washington set out to capture Cornwallis when he was sent between rivers to wait for ships to carry out his troops, was caught and forced to surrender 7,000

What year was the Battle of Yorktown?

1781

Who negotiated the Treaty of Paris?

Benjamin Franklin, John Adams

What did the Treaty of Paris do for the U.S?

Southern boundary of Canada to the Northern boundary of Florida and from the Atlantic to the Mississippi

What did many Loyalists do after the war?

Over 100,000 leaving to Canada or Britain from being harrassed by Patriots

What did Loyalists leave?

Large positions and estates, more opportunity for Americans

How was the Revolution relevant to slavery?

Slaves emancipation from British- 20 percent reduction, Ideas of American freedom increased slaves demand for their own, resistance

How was the Revolution relevant to Natives?

Proc of 1763, Patriots angry that they aided British, aftermath meant more movement into their land

How was the Revolution relevant to women?

Women left more in charge because men left for war, some helped within playing large roles in success, in the end patriarchy strengthened- less servants more question in womens contribution

How did Catholicism grow?

Support of patriotism and French v.s Anglican loyalism

What were significant economic growths after the war that would take place?

End of imperial restrictions on trade opened America up, commerce with privateers

What did ‘republican’ mean in the years after the Revolution and how was it sentimental?

Meant a political system in which all power came from the people rather then a monarchy

How did the concept of equality in the U.S differ from European ideals

“All men are created equal” v.s inherited aristocracy. Earning success, equality in oppurtunity

What was Jefferson’s Statute of Religious Liberty? (1786)

Complete separation of church and state

Why did slavery persist in the South?

Racist assumptions, enormous economic investments

What power did Congress have under the Articles of Confederation?

Expanded to give authority and conduct wars, and foreign relations, and the appropriate borrow and issue of money

What could Congress NOT do under the Articles of Confedertion?

Regulate trade, taxes

How long did the Articles of Confederation last?

1781-1789

Other problems with the Articles of Confederation

Virginia Plan issues, no separate executive-president figure in sessions of congress

What were resentments towards British after war?

British did not fully evacuate American territory, didn’t compensate slave owners like promised, no access to British markets

What did the Ordinance of 1784 do?

Divided W territory into 10 self governing districts which could petition Congress for statehood when its population equated the number of free inhabitants

What did the Ordinance of 1785 do?

Created a system for surveying W lands, Land north of Ohio river surveyed and marked off into 36 rectangular townships, 4 set aside for U.S. Some sale used to fund schools

How has the grid system influenced land development?

Carefully divided and measured land, most common form by which Americans impose human ownership

What did the Northwest Ordinance of 1787 do?

Abandoned 10 districts, created single NW territory out of the lands north of the Ohio, and specified a population of 60,000 as the minimum for statehood.

Provisions of the Northwest Ordinance of 1787?

Guaranteed freedom of religion, rights to trial by jury ot residents and prohibited slavery.

Why did system Confederation made for settlement not all effective?

Confederation subdivided land claimed by natives

Why was there battle with U.S and Indians after Revolution

Indians refused to cede land

Outcome of fighting between Indians and U.S

Tribes fiercely beat colonists in 2 battles, but Washington led 4,000 and defeated Natives in Battle of Fallen Timbers. Treaty of Greenville

What was the Treaty of Greenville?

Natives signed after American defeat, it ceded land in exchange for acknowledgement of what is native lands

Who called for continental impost?

Robert Morris

What was continental impost?

5 percent tax on imported goods

Why was there proposal of continental impost?

No tax levied, only could make requisitions of the states, usually receiving less money then requested

Why did continental impost fail?

Americans feared it would give too much power to proposers

What was Shays Rebellion?

Mobs and riots from farmers considering taxes and policies issued unfair

Why was there Shays Rebellion?

Farmers demanded paper currency, tax relief, pause on debt, relocation of state capital, abolition of imprisonment because of debt

What was the outcome of Shays Rebellion?

It added urgency for a new constitution. From a military aspect it was a failure, but it did end with some concessions towards farmers.