human growth and development that i dont know

descriptive,nonexperimental methods

information about behavior is collected without manipulating the factors thought to be influencing it

a specifc teratigen is more likely to harm a particular embryo or fetus if several of the following conditions prevail

Risk factors of genotype vs. phenotype and teratogen

1) different theories focus on different aspects of development

2) we can’t have an all-encompassing theory of development with our present state of knowledge

why so many theories

1) informed consent

2) debriefing

3) protection from harm

4) confidentiality

researcher responsibilities

1) protecting rights of research participants (must acess the benefit to risk balance)

2) researcher respsonsibities

ethical concerns of experiments

1) limited generalizability to everyday settings

2) caution should be used when examinig cause and effect outcomes

3) many areas of interest to developmentalists are not ethically avaiable for investigation

disadvantages of experiments

offer control over testing conditions to reduce variability

advantage of experiments

1) manipulation of independent variable

2) random assignment of individuals to treatment conditions

3 experimental control

3 critical features of research methods

1) individual variations around the normative cause of development

2) continunity within a child’s development pathway

individual development

1) development is open to lifelong change

2) change occurs based on influential experiences

plasticity

1) persistence of individual differences

2) lifelong patterns established by early experiences

stabilty

1. basic trust vs mistrust: birth-1yr

2. autonomy vs shame and doubt: 1-3yrs

3. initiative vs gulit: 3-6yrs

4. industry vs inferiority: 6-11yrs

5. identity vs role confusion: adolescence

6. intimacy vs isolation: early adulthood

7. generativity vs stagnation: middle adulthood

8. integrity vs despair: late adulthood

8 qualitatively distinct stages

1. sensorimotor- birth-2 years

2. preopertaional- 2-7 years

3. concrete operational 7-12

4. formal operational 12 years

piagets stages of cognitive development

1. oral 0-18 months

2. anal 18-36 months

3. phallic 3-6 years

4. latency 6 until puberty

   1. genital puberty on

the 5 psychosexual stages of development (qualititive and sequential in nature)

1) age-graded (normative)

2) history-graded (normative)

3) nonnormative (personal; example: death in family, car crash, graduation)

influences on development: multiple, interacting forces that are…

1) lifelong

2) multidimensional and multidirectional

3) highly plactic

4) influced by multiple, interacting forces

lifespan perspective; devlopment is:

correlational research

postive (direct) or negative (inverse)

Two naturally occurring variables are measured and compared for the degree of relationship: the relationship can be

1) provides access to info that could not be gained by any other method

2) can collect large amounts of data relatively quickly and cheaply

advantages in survey research

1) provides info about peoples perceptions and recollections rather than direct access to events

2) social derireabilty effect could influence the responses

disadvantages in survey research

advantage: affords greater ecological validity

disadvantage: limited control, no cause-effect outcomes can be determined

advantage and disadvantage in naturalistic observation

1) attention

2) memory storage

3) memory retrieval

4) knowledge base

Information processing theory examines the roles of

description

prediction

explanation

goals of psychology

learning theory

developed by B.F. Skinner, also called Behaviorism and operant conditioning

social learning theory

a theory that emphasizes the learning of behaviors through associations with different kinds of consequences, especially in a social context

preoperational period (egocentrism, animism, irreversibility, centation)

about age 2-7, when chldren have mental representation but do not yet reason logically or systematically limited by 4 things

sensorimotor period

the first years of life. the child obtains objective peranence gains ability to form mental representation and begins imaginative play

preoperational

piagets stage of cognitive development:

preschool children use symbols and develop language and make believe play. thinking still lacks logic

1) genes

2) developmental history

3) current history

3 factors underline development

zone of proximal development

vygotisky’s term for the gap between a particilar child’s current performance and potential performance w guidance from someone more skilled

basic belief of learning theory

all behavior is learned, thus can be unlearned, to change behavior, change the consequnces

Erik Erikson / psychoanalytic

psychoanalytic perspective emphasizing psychosocial development

8 qualitatively distinct stages

1) encoding

2) stoarge

3) retrieval

memory processes

superego

conscience, which develops between 3 and 6 years of age from interactions with caregivers

sociocultural theory

largely derieved from the ideas of Russian psychologist Lev Vygotsky

internalizing directives

psychoanalytic views/ theory

highly influential theory

strong emphasis on the unconscious mind

social learning theory

associations made are often from observing models, leading to imitation of behaviors

learning is gradual and individual

decriptive

nonexperimental methods-research

ecological theory

developed by Urie Brofenbrenner: believes that person is embedded in a series of interacting system; very socially based