Chapter 8 Responding to Antigens (copy)

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Biology

46 Terms

1
Allergen
an antigen that elicit an allergic response
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2
Allergic response
the rapid and vigorous overreaction of the immune system to antigens called allergens. Involve the production of lgE by B lymphocytes and the release of histamine by mast cells
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3
Antigen
A substance that react with antibodies and T lymphocyte receptors; those that induce an immune response are immunogens
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4
Antigens presentation
The presentation of antigens by antigen-presenting cells
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5
Antigen-presenting cell (APC)
A cell that uses MHC-II on its surface to present foreign antigens to helper T cells to elicit an adaptive immune reponse. Examples include dendritic cells and macrophages
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6
Antigenic variation
The mechanism of changing surface antigens, usually to avoid detection or an immune attack. Employed by certain protozoans such as *Plasmodium* spp.
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7
Basophil
A type of white blood cell (leukocyte) that releases histamine during an allergic reaction
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8
Cellular pathogen
A cellular organism that is a source of non-self antigens and causes disease in a host organism. Bacteria, protozoa, oomycetes, fungi, several types of worms and arthropods are all types
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9
Chemical barrier
A chemical product or mechanism that is one of the first-line defences of an organism’s immune system. Examples include the lysozyme enzymes in saliva
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10
Chemokine
A cytokine that attracts white blood cells to the site of infection
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11
Complement protein
A protein that is able to kill foreign cells by lysis. There are more than 30 different types that are activated in response to antigen-antibody complexes, antigens and carbohydrates on the surfaces of some bacteria and parasites
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12
Cytokine
One of a group of peptides and proteins released from cells that are important in cell signalling, particularly between cells of the immune system
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13
Defensin
Molecule that is active against bacteria, fungi and certain viruses
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14
Dendritic cell
A type of antigen-presenting cell
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15
Eosinophil
A type of leukocyte that predominates in parasitic infections and contains granules that are stained by dye
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16
Extracellular pathogen
A pathogen that does not invade calls but lives and reproduces in the extracellular environment
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17
Fever
An increase in body temperature that results from the regulated body temperature set point in the hypothalamus of the brain being set to a higher level by inflammatory cytokines, to slow the replication of bacteria and improve the adaptive immune response
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18
Granulocyte
A type of white blood cell containing granules (sacs filled with enzymes that digest pathogenic microorganisms). Neutrophils, basophils are examples.
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19
Histamine
An organic compound involved in inflammatory responses and allergic reactions, which causes surface blood vessels to dilate and become more permeable to immune cells and fluids. Common hay fever symptoms such as runny nose and eyes and sneezing are the results of histamine action and aimed at flushing out allergens
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20
Inflammation
A protective response, triggered by damaged tissue or invading pathogens, that leads to increased blood flow and migration of white blood cells to the site of damage/infection. It results in heat, pain, swelling, redness and loss of function
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21
Innate immune response
Non-specifically and rapidly protects against a wide variety of pathogens using innate immune cells such as leukocytes (e.g. phagocytes) and defensive molecules such as complement proteins. Is triggered when the physical, chemical and microbiological barriers that provide resistance to infection are breached
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22
Innate immunity
Non-specifically protects against a wide variety of pathogens. It consists of physical, chemical and microbiological barriers that provide resistance to infection, and an innate response to infection that involves leukocytes such as phagocytes and defensive molecules such as complement proteins
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23
Interferon
A type of cytokine important in antiviral immunity. Are produced by virus-infected cells to inhibit viral replication by resulting in the transcription of antiviral genes and the expression of antiviral proteins; they have a lesser role in bacterial and parasitic immune responses. They regulate the immune response in a number of ways, such as enhancing T lymphocyte activity
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24
Intracellular pathogen
A pathogen that invades cells and requires a host cell to survive and/or reproduce
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25
Leukocyte
A white blood cell; includes phagocytes and lymphocytes
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26
Lysis
The destruction of a cell, usually by rupturing the plasma membrane
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27
Lysozyme
An antibacterial enzyme present in body secretions such as saliva and tears. It disrupts the bacterial cell wall
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28
Macrophage
A type of large white blood cell that is responsible for engulfing and digesting foreign matter in the body, as well as damaged cells or the remnants of apoptosis
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29
Major histocompatibility complex (MHC)
A complex of genes that code for proteins on the surface of cells that are involved in antigen presentation to T lymphocytes
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30
Mast cell
An immune cell containing granules of histamine. This cell mediates allergic responses by binding lgE allergen complexes and releasing histamines
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31
Microbiological barrier
A microbial agent that is one of the first line defences of an organism’s innate immune system, such as the non-pathogenic bacteria (microbiota) found on the skin and in part of the digestive and excretory systems
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32
Microbiota
Microorganisms that colonise particular sites; normally do not cause disease
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33
Microflora
Bacteria and microscopic fungi and algae that colonise a particular site. Are a set of microbiota.
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34
Natural killer cell (NK cell)
A type of lymphocyte that is involved in the innate immune response. Recognise and destroy tumour and virus-infected cells
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35
Neutrophil
A type of leukocyte for which phagocytosis is a major role. Also release defensins to destroy pathogens and cytokines to recruit and activate other leukocytes in response to infection. Are the most common leukocyte in mammals, accounting for 60-70% of all white blood cells
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36
Non-cellular pathogen
A non-cellular, non-living agent that causes disease. Include viruses, viroids and prions,
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37
Non-self antigen
An antigen that does not belong to an organism’s own cells
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38
Pathogen/Infectious agent
An organism that can produce disease in another organism; includes many microorganisms and parasites
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39
Phagocyte
A cell capable of engulfing pathogens or foreign particles to destroy them
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40
Phagocytosis
The engulfment of solid materials in which the plasma membrane surrounds the material, forming a vacuole (phagosome) and allowing the substance into the cell
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41
Physical barrier
A physical entity that is one of the first-line defences of an organism’s immune system. Such as skin or bark
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42
Prion
A small protein particle that, when its shape is altered due to mutation, causes protein aggregation and is toxic to neurons. Are the cause of the spongiform encephalopathy diseases BSE in cattle and CJD in humans
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43
Self-antigen
An organism’s own antigen, which is normally tolerated (does not elicit an immune response)
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44
Self-tolerence
The inability of the adaptive immune system to respond to self-antigen
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45
Viroid
An infectious agent of plants that is a type of self-cleaving RNA enzyme (or ribozyme); composed of short, circular strands of RNA that lack a protein coat
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46
Virus
An infectious agent composed of genetic material (DNA or RNA) enclosed in a protein coat, and sometimes also a lipoprotein envelope; is only able to multiply in a host cell
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