Nervous System

Tetanus, Meningitis, Rabies, Polio, Leprosy

Prodromal

The stage of an infectious disease that starts with the first s/sx and ends with general s/sx.

Incubation

The stage of an infectious disease that starts upon exposure and ends with first s/sx.

Illness

The stage of an infectious disease where all signs and symptoms appear

Illness

it is the PEAK stage of an infectious disease.

Convalescence

The stage where signs and symptoms are gradually disappearing, which can lead to recovery

TETANUS

spasm (involuntary) inducing bacterial infection.

lockjaw

tetanus aka

clostridium tetani (anaerobic - hates air)

tetanus CA

3d - 1 month

tetanus IP

entry to intact skin

tetanus MOT

-lockjaw

-risus sardonicus

tetanus

• earliest sign = __________

• pathognomonic sign = ___________

Opisthotonus

A spasm affecting the back associated with Tetanus; the patient should be positioned side-lying with supporting pillows.

Spatula test

An alternative diagnostic test for Tetanus where a positive result occurs if the patient bites the tongue depressor.

tetanospasmin

it is the neurotoxin that causes the signs and symptoms of tetanus.

Wound Culture

it is the confirmatory test of tetanus (not used frequently because this one’s exposed to air)

Tetanus Toxoid

inactivated tetanus toxin (antigen) that stimulates the body to produce its own antibodies.

Tetanus Anti-toxin (TAT)

provides immediate antibodies after a tetanus-prone wound “may sugat na”

hydrogen peroxide and betadine

wound care used for tetanus

non-stimulating (quiet, dim lit and well ventilated)

environment for patients with tetanus

high caloric diet

diet for tetanus patient

metronidazole

note: avoid alcohol

DOC for tetanus

tetracycline

note: avoid calcium-rich foods and beverages

alternative drug for tetanus

Meningitis

Inflammation of meninges (brain+spine)

cerebrospinal fever

meningitis aka?

neisseria meningitidis

meningitis CA

2-10 days

meningitis IP

droplet

meningitis MOT

nuchal rigidity

pathognomonic sign of meningitis

Lumbar tap/Lumbar puncture

gold standard test for meningitis

rifampicin

prophylaxis drug for meningitis

FACE MASK

PPE used for meningitis

semi fowler’s

position for meningitis

High fiber

diet for meningitis because it can help prevent straining (constipation)

1. penicillin G

2. cephalosporin

3. chloramphenicol

DOC for meningitis

corticosteroids

DOC of meningitis for inflammation

Rabies

a myeloencephalitis-including viral infection

1. lyssa

2. la rage

3. hydrophobia

rabies AKA

rhabdovirus

rabies CA

2-8 weeks

rabies IP

droplet (saliva)

rabies MOT

1. canine - PET

2. sylvatic - non-pet

Two types of rabies

Zero by 30

The target of becoming rabies-free by 2030 is a global health initiative known as ___________

DUMB

-withdrawn

-hiding (photophobia)

FIRST STAGE OF RABIES (DOG)

PRODROMAL (tingling at the site, photophobia)

FIRST STAGE OF RABIES (HUMANS)

FURIOUS

-Fights and bites 

-Hypersalivation

SECOND STAGE OF RABIES (DOG)

EXCITEMENT 

-Laryngospasm/dysphagia 

-Hydrophobia

-Aerophobia 

-Maniacal behavior

SECOND STAGE OF RABIES (HUMANS)

cardiac pulmonary arrest

THIRD STAGE OF RABIES FOR BOTH DOGS AND HUMANS

Observe biting dog for 10 days.

Dog observation in rabies diagnosis?

Negri bodies in neurons

Brain biopsy finding in rabies?

Department of Agriculture.

Who is responsible for animal vaccination and control in rabies prevention?

Department of Education.

Who promotes rabies education and awareness?

ERIG - Equine Rabies Immunoglobulin

rabies antibodies (immunoglobulin) that is most effective

HRIG - Human Rabies Immunoglobulin

rabies antibodies obtained from humans, it has less risk of allergic reactions compared with ERIG

PVRV (Purified Vero Rabies Vaccine)

a rabies vaccine made using Vero cells; stimulates the body to produce its own antibodies

category I - wash

BITE CATEGORIES

no visible wound

Category 2 - inject

BITE CATEGORIES

bite from chest, down

category 3 - free injection

BITE CATEGORIES

bite on head or neck

Oozing

restraint

Nursing Management for Maniacal Behavior

• Heine medin disease

• Infantile Paralysis

poliomyelitis aka

legio debilitans

poliomyelitis CA

1-3 weeks

Poliomyelitis IP

fecal oral route

poliomyelitis MOT

1. subclinical

2. abortive

MINOR signs and symptoms of poliomyelitis

-virus does not damage the nervous system

1. Non-paralytic

2. Paralytic

a. Bulbar

b. Spinal

c. bulbospinal

MAJOR signs and symptoms of poliomyelitis

subclinical

TYPE OF MINOR POLIO

-Asymptomatic

abortive

TYPE OF MINOR POLIO

-Mild flu like illness lasting about 3 days

-sore throat

spine stiffness

pathognomonic sign of poliomyelitis

Non paralytic signs and symptoms

1. Spine stiffness

2. Tripod Position

3. Hoyne sign (head lag)

4. paresis (weakness)

5. paresthesia (tingling)

Paralytic

same with non-paralytic + loss of tendon reflex, kernigs and brudzinski

difference of: (paralytic)

a. bulbar

b. spinal

c. bulbospinal

1. Stool Exam

2. Muscle Grading

Diagnostic tests for Poliomyelitis

1. do NOT massage

2. ✅ warm compress

POLIOMYELITIS

• massage?

• warm compress?

Bethanicol Chloride

DOC for poliomyelitis that

• prevents respiratory depression

• prevents urinary retention

Pleconaril

DOC for poliomyelitis that prevents viral entry nervous system

Hansen’s Disease

Hansenosis

Leprosy AKA

mycobacterium leprae

leprosy CA

6 months - 8 years

Leprosy IP

droplet

leprosy primary MOT

prolonged contact exposure

leprosy secondary MOT

1. Blindness

2. Amputation

3. Lucious phenomenon

terminal signs and symptoms of leprosy

Slit Skin Smear

confirmatory test for leprosy

Lepromin Reaction Test (LRT)

Communicability test for Leprosy

non-communicable

(+) LRT = has rashes (meaning?)

communicable

(-) LRT = has rashes (meaning?)

BCG

vaccination for leprosy

• Rifampicin

• Ofloxacin

• Minocycline

prophylaxis for leprosy

NURSING MANAGEMENT - LEPROSY

1. Artificial Tears

2. Shoes = closed

3. Avoid = sharp/rough surfaces

4. Utensils = wooden

NURSING MANAGEMENT - LEPROSY

1. Artificial Tears

2. Shoes = _______

3. Avoid = _______

4. Utensils = _______

1. Rifampicin

2. Dapsone

3. Clofazimine

DOC for leprosy

lamprene, for NON-COMMUNICABLE DISEASES only

clofazimine aka? and for what only?