Chapter 1 Intro to Human Anatomy and Physio

define anatomy

structure of body parts

define physiology

the function of body parts; what they do and how

what is the other name for anatomy

morphology

define homeostasis

the tendency of the body to maintain a stable, balanced internal environment

list in order the levels of organization within the body

atoms, molecules, cells, tissues, organs, organ systems, organism

list the functions of human life

organization, metabolism, responsiveness, movement, growth, reproduction, and development

define differentiation

the process by which a cell becomes specialized to perform a specific function

How do cells differentiate?

they activate and deactivate genes

define metabolism

all physical and chemical changes occurring in an organism; requires ENERGY

Where does the energy for our bodily processes come from?

eating food

what are feedback loops?

how the body makes adjustments when the environment changes and maintains homeostasis

_____ indicates where the body can function, or what is optimal

normal range

what is set point?

the normal value in which the range changes

In a negative feedback loop, there are _____, that detect conditions within the body such as temperature

sensors/receptors

In a negative feedback loop, there are _____ which are muscles/glands that respond to deviation from the set point

effectors

what does negative feedback loop always result in?

homeostasis

is homeostasis met in a positive feedback loop?

no

what is a positive feedback loop?

a viscous cycle which amplifies or increases the occurrence of events

contractions in childbirth is an example of positive or negative loop?

positive

what is a vital sign?

measured amounts in our body that have set points

what do our vitals signs consist of?

heart rate, BP, oxygen levels, and urine sodium

What about Kati’s vital signs gives a clue of her problem?

urine sodium level is low

what condition does Kati have, and what is it?

hyponatremia-water intoxication

How does Kati’s story relate to homeostasis

her sodium/electrolytes were not balanced, so there would then be negative feedback loop to get her back to set point

what is the effect of glucagon?

the liver breaks down glycogen and releases glucose

which cells release glucagon?

alpha cells

which cells release insulin?

beta cells

what is the normal level of glucose in the blood?

90mg/100mL

describe the relationship between the pancreas and homeostasis

pancreas regulates blood sugar, which then leads the body to homeostasis

where does the glucose that is released into the blood ultimately end up?

the body cells and liver

what happens when your blood sugar rises?

pancreas released insulin into the blood