Midterm guide ABC ANIMALS 16O

CHAPTER 1-6

Wild sheep and goat were hunted prior to becoming domesticated

Prey pathway

As a prey species declines in numbers from hunting, hunters of wild goat and sheep selectively kill young males and older females.

Game management

The wild ancestor of domesticated goats

Bezoar goat

The wild ancestor of domesticated sheep

Asiatic mouflon sheep

A way of making a living that consists of people keeping livestock (like sheep and goats) in herds in corrals and in pastures

Pastoralism

Estimated date for the domestication of goats and sheep

11,000 B.P.

Neolithic village settlement site in Turkey with evidence of captive goat and sheep herd management, including accumulations of dung

Archeological site of Asikli Hoyuk

Rugged mountains and valleys of south-eastern Turkey and eastern Iran

• where sheep and goat were domesticated.

Taurus/Zagros region

Nomadic pastoralists of the near and middle east

Bedouin

A form of pastoralism practiced in the Alpine region of wester Europe

Transhumance

Sedentary sheep and goat pastoralism led to new forms of ecosystem engineering including

the creation of pastures with desirable plants for animal food and elimination of undesirable plants

Although it is unclear whether goat attunement to humans is due to domestication, one experiment, where goats were given a difficult problem, showed that

goats look at the experimenter, seemingly requesting help in solving a problem, when the experimenter is turned toward them

Major shift from reliance on hunting-gathering to farming

Neolithic revolution

Glacial advance covering much of the northern hemisphere

Ice Age

Alternative proposals on whether Neolithic humans were forced by circumstances to adopt agriculture or were attracted to invent agriculture.

Push or pull theories

Neolithic humans were the first to dramatically change

• landscapes

• and entire ecosystems.

Ecosystem engineering is?

Region in western Asia

• where farming began because of suitable conditions

Fertile Crescent

Wild animal characteristics, such as nasty disposition or long flight distance.

Traits unsuitable for domestication

In human populations that made heavy use of dairy products, this cultural practice led to natural selection favoring genetically-based traits that allowed people to digest milk sugar.

Example of gene-culture co-evolutuion

Those human populations that ancestrally did not make heavy use of dairy products lose their capacity to digest dairy products after infancy.

Lactose intolerance

Domestication of plants and animals led to a shift from living in mobile hunting and gathering camps to living in one place year-round and in large numbers.

First permanent settlements

The development of farming and production of grain led to a shift away from a diet rich in meat protein and a what kind of diet

Carbohydrate-rich diet

In what area of the world were the earliest signs of domesticated plants found?

Fertile crescent of southwest asia

Humans were unable to domesticate the zebra becuase why

it was dangerously aggressive

What are the steps inorder of first to last of the prey pathway?

PREY, GAME MANAGEMENT, HERD MANAGEMENT, INTENSIVE BREEDING

Which of the following is not an example of an early mode of subsistence

cattleist

Archeological evidence from the neolithic shows what about the first permanent settlements?

The first permanent settlements were small consisting of 20mud walled houses

Dog domestication did not newly create the capacity for dogs to attend to human gestures; rather, dogs have retained this basic capacity that was present in their wild ancestors

Wolf social competence

The contrasting iris and pupil of most social canid species enables them to extract information from the eyes

eye coloration

Dogs can discriminate among basic kinds of emotional expression in the human face, but more remarkably, beyond this basic perceptual discrimination dogs combine emotional information from the face and voice to form mental representations of basic emotion categories—positive and negative

Dog human attunement

A neurochemical that is increased in humans and dogs in response to mutual eye gaze

oxytocin

The Ainsworth Stranger test and fMRI brain studies are in support of this special relationship between dogs and their owners

emotional bond

animals we live with that have no obvious function are

pets

A member of one species becomes emotionally attached to a member of another species.

interspecies attachment

Regarding the significance of eye coloration in canids and humans, which of these statements is NOT true?

The eye coloration pattern in solitary or pair living species promotes gazing at each other

Evidence of dog and human attunement to each other is shown in all except

DOGS ARE ABLE TO BE TRAINED TO PERFORM EXPERIMENTS WITH HUMANS

As shown in the video clip "The stranger test" which of the following demonstrates that dogs are attached to their owners?

when the owner leaves the room

• the dog becomes agitated and looks for the owner

What dogs contribute to the majority of serious dog bite attacks

pitbulls and rottweilers

As described in the reading, what is significant about the "Do dogs steal in the dark" experiments?

they suggest that dogs have a “theory of mind” about what the owner can see

Members of a population vary in traits

• that lead to differences in survival and reproduction

Fitness differences

Only six generations of artificial selection for tameness produced domestication traits such as curly tail, white spots, and floppy ears

Silver Fox experiment

A suite of traits that consistently appear together as a by-product of the selection for tameness, such as floppy ears, curly tails, smaller brains, teeth and muzzles, and white fur patches and behavior such as licking, and responsiveness to human social cues

Domestication syndrome

Cells that during development migrate to different parts of the body where they contribute to the development of local tissue types (e.g., adrenal glands, melanocytes, cartilage)

Neural Crest Cells

Demonstrated that neither the prenatal uterine environment nor postnatal rearing significantly altered the genetically bred temperament of the kit foxes

Cross-fostering experiments

Dogs with such highly specialized abilities, produced by careful breeding and even inbreeding, and guaranteed by the American Kennel Club (AKC)

Pedigree dog

Animal X lives in the same area as a village of humans. Over time, humans have become more comfortable with Animal X and increased their interactions. The humans in the village like to hunt Animal X for food and will sometimes capture groups of Animal X so that they can breed it in an enclosed space. However, the humans do not influence which of the animals breed, and they cannot approach the animals. (True or False)

False

"The Beak of the Finch: Speciation of finches on the Galapagos", when evolutionary biologists Rosemary and Peter Grant quantify dates breeding took place, number of years bred, number of offspring, and how many offspring survived to sexual maturity, they are:

Analyzing evolutionary fitness

During the Russian fox breeding experiment, which of these traits did NOT appear by the end of the experiment?

The foxes developed longer tails and legs

Pure breeding of dogs is an example of

artificial selection

In the Russian silver fox breeding experiments, the scientists used a cross-fostering procedure to determine

if the temperament of fox kits from the "tame" line could be changed by being reared by a fox mother from the "aggressive" line, the contribution of the early environment or rearing experience to fox temperament, the genetic influence on fox temperament

The available genetic evidence indicates that modern dogs evolved from

an animal most similar to the gray wolf

Which of the following statements is NOT evidence of an early relationships between wolf-dogs and humans:

Evidence has been found of dog houses near human settlements around 40,000 BP.

Modern hunter-gatherers that use dogs for hunting are a good example of a _______ relationship because the humans and the dogs both have skills utilized in the hunt and both benefit from the kil.

mutualism

What is one major problem with the wolf "Adoption" Hypothesis?

Early humans would not have been able to selectively breed wolves

In the video "And Man Created Dog" what traits lead to wolves developing a survival advantage around humans?

Least aggressive, least territorial, most curious

Is these cultures providing evidence of how

• the human-dog mutualism results in significantly greater hunting success.

Out of Africa is?

Around 100,000 years ago modern humans (Homo sapiens)

• began to spread from Africa into Eurasia (2nd wave),

  • where they encountered and outcompeted other large carnivores including other hominins

The beginning of the end for Neanderthal is?

By 40,000 years before present, fully modern humans had out-competed and likely exterminated all other forms of Homo. Likely reasons included greater cognitive complexity, projectile weapons, and perhaps most importantly the partnership with wolves.

Modern human's rise to dominance

About 2 million years ago, large brain size along with the harnessing of fire enabled our ancestors to become full-time hunters.

Modern Hunter-Gatherers

The early relationship between wolves and ancestral humans was likely similar to a mouse attracted to human habitation, benefitting from "left overs" of ancestral human encampments or hunting sites without causing much effect (harm nor benefit) to humans

Commensalism Pathway

Proposed idea that our hunter-gatherer ancestors kidnapped wolf puppies by taking them directly from a wolf den, and then hand-reared them.

Wolf adoption hypothesis

The unconscious response to neotenous features.

• Domesticated dogs have such features including floppy ears and shortened muzzle.

cute response is?

Proposed idea that self-domestication or natural selection over generations favored wolves who were neither aggressive nor fearful toward humans, enabling them to survive by scavenging from camp trash.

camp scavenging hypothesis

Before the emergence of the genus Homo, our Australopithecus earlier ancestors ate

occasionally ate meat, but meat was not a major portion of their diet

Based on archaeological evidence, the earliest connection between Hominins and other animals included:

Hominins as cautious or fearful of poisonous or venomous animals, hominins as prey of carnivores, hominins as scavengers of carcasses, and hominins as opportunistic hunters of small game

Based on research, what type of environment is most preferred by humans at a young age?

Savanna

Based on current evidence, what kind of empathy is a trait of humans AND many other animals?

High levels of emotional empathy (maybe)

Stephen Mithen has argued that the capacity to read an animal's mind, to see the world from an animal's perspective,

• first appeared in fully modern humans (i.e., only very recently in human evolution).

what is it

used mind reading only for

• other humans

• but not for other animals

There were 2 waves of expansion from Africa to Eurasia and beyond.

• The first was a Homo species that evolved into Neanderthal.

• The second was fully modern Homo sapiens that expanded worldwide

The rise of homo is?

Preference for particular landscapes or habitats that offered key resources

Savanna hypothesis

Capacity to take another's perspective

• gauge their intentions or desires (a.k.a. Theory of Mind),

• more specifically to understand another's emotional state

Cognitive empathy is?

An outcome of cognitive empathy, whereby humans project or attribute their own feelings, beliefs, and motivations to another animal

Anthropomorphism

Capacity to feel the emotions of another person or animal

emotional empathy

In many non-Western cultures, non-human animals are

incorporated into their spiritual or religious beliefs

ecological interrelationships

One way to describe and understand the biological connection between humans and other animals is

Because for millions of years our ancestors' survival depended on

• recognizing the potential danger and also food value of animals

our brains' visual system evolved to quickly

• and efficiently recognize animals why?

As described in the textbook (Chapter 1), humans generally place animals into different categories according to their use. However some animals can have multiple uses and thus can fall into multiple cultural categories. For example, in the United States pigs are considered food and sometimes also pets. In other countries, such as ______________ dogs are considered pets and also food.

South Korea

Categorical perception is

The human brain's intrinsic tendency to impose categories on the world

In Western philosophical and theological traditions, humans are different from animals because humans have either reasoning, morality, or a soul.

The Human-Animal Divide

The conceptualization of humans and animals as related to each other through common ancestry so our differences lie on a continuum rather than sharp categories.

Darwinian Perspective

Different types of ecological relationships between two species that reflect the fitness or energetic costs and benefits to each.

Symbioses

Basis of animal categories

How people categorize animals is determined by their innate "biophilic values" and their cultural beliefs and uses, rather than taxonomic classification

Our early human ancestors, millions of years before present, who had the first important relationships to animals,

• ( including a predator-prey relationship on the African savanna, and the detection of other dangerous animals.)

Australopithecines

This brain area quickly informs your frontal cortex of an emotionally salient stimulus,

• the presence of desirable food,

• a potential mate, or a dangerous animal, invoking an appropriate response

• .Nerve cells in specific parts of this area are specialized for the processing of animal stimuli.

Amygdala

Which is the likely sequence human-wolf symbiotic relationships that led to domesticated dogs?

commensalism->mutualism -> domestication

In the video "And Man Created Dog" what traits lead to wolves developing a survival advantage around humans?

least aggressive, least territorial , most curious