Major function of the Urinary System
Filter blood and create urine as a waste-product
Organs: kidneys, ureters, bladder, urethra
NAME AND LOCATE ON DIAGRAM
What does "renal” mean?
Relating to the kidneys
Discuss ways in which the kidney maintains the blood composition
The kidneys control the amount of water, ions, and other substances in the blood by excreting more or less of them in urine. The kidneys also secrete hormones that help maintain homeostasis.
Name the functional unit of the kidney
The Nephron
Distinguish between a renal corpuscle and renal tubule, and identify each component of a nephron
Renal Corpuscle: contains the glomerulus and the glomerulus capsule
Renal Tubule: extends to the collecting duct
List the two major steps involved in urine formation
Name the portion of the nephron where each occurs, and discuss each process fully.
Glomerular Filtration and Reabsorption Secretion
GF: filters the blood/top of nephron RS: Ca+, Na+, glucose, and amino acids are reabsorbed in the nephron/loop of henle
Why are proteins are not filtered out of the blood in the glomerulus?
proteins are not filtered out by the glomerulus because they are too large to fit through the thin slits in the walls of the capillaries of the glomerulus.
Name the force responsible for glomerular filtration, explain how this force makes dialysis possible.
Hydrostatic pressure → processes the blood
Discuss the differences between male and female urethras.
female: shorter
male: longer
Explain the structure, location, and function of the ureters and urinary bladder
Ureters: connects the kidneys to the bladder
Urinary Bladder: holds the urine
List the wastes excreted in urine, and explain what metabolic processes these by-products result from
urea
uric acid
creatinine - determines functioning of kidney
Explain the significance of antidiuretic hormone (ADH) and which portion of the nephron it targets
Function: Bring water content back into the bloodstream
Targets the collecting duct of the nephron
Explain the process by which reabsorption occurs in the PCT and DCT, and list the substances that are reabsorbed here
Reabsorbs water and electrolytes
renal capsule
tough fibrous shell around kidney
renal cortex
outer portion of kidney
renal medulla
inner portion of kidney
renal pyramids
cone shaped masses of tissue in renal medulla
ureter
tube leading from kidney
renal pelvis
superior end of ureter which is expanded to form a funnel shape
major calyces
divisions of renal pelvis (2-3 tubes);
minor calyces
divisions of major calyces.
Functions of Kidney
to remove metabolic wastes from blood & excrete them outside (urine).
The functional unit of a kidney
nephron
Structure of the Nephron
renal corpuscle and a renal tubule.
Renal Corpuscle
glomerulus (filtration unit) within Bowman's capsule.
Renal Tubule
proximal convoluted tubule
descending loop of Henle
ascending loop of Henle
distal convoluted tubule
collecting duct
Juxtaglomerular Apparatus (JGA)
point of contact between the afferent arteriole and distal convoluted tubule (DCT).
Macula Densa
cells in DCT in contact with afferent arterioles.
Juxtaglomerular cells
smooth muscle cells in afferent arteriole.
Urine formation involves three major steps:
Glomerular Filtrate
Tubular Reabsorption
Tubular Secretion
Tubular Reabsorption:
the process by which substances are transported from the glomerular filtrate (through the walls of the renal tubule) to blood in the peritubular caps.
Reabsorbed substances pass from the…
lumen of the renal tubule through the epithelial cells (PCT) and into the lumen of a peritubular capillary where they are returned to the bloodstream.
Reabsorbed substances include:
glucose
amino acids
water
ions (sodium, chloride, phosphate, sulfate, potassium)
others (creatine, lactic acid. citric acid, urea, uric acid, ascorbic acid)
Tubular secretion:
the process by which substances are transported from the blood in the peritubular caps into the DCT.
Composition of Urine
95% water
Other 5% includes:
urea,
uric acid,
trace amino acids
electrolytes.
Micturition
the process by which urine is expelled from urinary bladder to outside
Elimination of Urine Order
Starts at glomerulus where glomerular filtrate is collected in Bowman's capsule → PCT → loop of Henle → DCT → collecting duct (urine) → minor calyx → major calyx → renal pelvis → ureter → urinary bladder → urethra → outside