BIOL 434 Lab Practical - Flashcards on Marine and Terrestrial Invertebrates

Phylum Porifera

Phylum of sponges

Classes:

- Calcarea

- Hexactinellida

- Demospongiae

Class Calcarea

Class of sponges

- spicules made from calcium carbonate

- spicules can be straight lines or have 3 or 4 rays

- hard to the touch

Class Hexactinellida

Class of sponges

- spicules are 6-pointed and are made of silica

- "glass sponges"

- they have fiberglass at the bottom

Class Demospongiae

Class of sponges

- spicules vary widely in shape and size

- spicules are made of silica (many also have a spongin network)

Phylum Cnidaria

Phylum of jellyfish, corals, hydras, and cube jellies

Classes:

- Anthozoa

- Scyphozoa

- Hydrozoa

- Cubozoa

Class Hydrozoa

Class of cnidarians

- ex. freshwater Hydra, Portugese man o' war

- can be colonial, solitary, or as siphonophores in polyp colonies

- can reproduce sexually or asexually, with complex life cycles

Class Scyphozoa

Class of cnidarians (jellyfish)

- ex. Aurelia

- life cycle = planulae, scyphistoma, strobila (early), strobila (late), ephyra

- alternation of generations with asexual polyps and sexual medusae

Jellyfish planulae

- the free-swimming larval stage that develops after fertilization

- planula eventually settles on a substrate and develops into the next stage

Jellyfish scyphistoma

- the polyp stage that arises from the settled planula

- it is fixed in one place and can reproduce asexually by budding

Jellyfish strobila (early)

- scyphistoma undergoes a process called strobilation, where it segments transversely

Jellyfish strobila (late)

- in this stage, the segments are more developed and resemble a stack of discs, each of which will become an individual ephyra

Jellyfish ephyra

- these are the juvenile medusae that bud off from the strobila

- they will eventually grow into adult medusae, completing the life cycle

Class Cubozoa

Class of cnidarians (cube jellies)

- boxy-looking

- often highly venomous

- medusa stage is dominant; polyp stage is short-lived and simple

Class Anthozoa

Class of cnidarians (corals, anenomes, sea pens)

- ex. Metridium

- exclusively polyp form; no medusa stage

- both sexual and asexual reproduction

Phylum Ctenophora

Phylum of comb jellies

- ex. Beroë, Pleurobrachia, Bolinopsis, and Mnemiopsis

- have comb rows on edges of bell

- apical sense organ allows ctenophores to balance and orient themselves in water

Phylum Echinodermata

Phylum of starfish, sea urchins, and sea cucumbers

Class Crinoidea

Class of echinoderms (feather stars)

-rep type: Antedon

Class Ophiuroidea

Class of echinoderms (brittle stars)

- central disc with long, flexible arms distinct from the disc; no suction cups on tube feet

- scavengers, detritivores, or filter feeders

Class Asteroidea

Class of echinoderms (sea stars)

- ex. Asterias

- 5 arms radiating from a central disc; possess tube feet with suction for movement and feeding

- water vascular system: madreporite --> stone canal --> ring canal --> radial canal --> tube feet

- life cycle: early cleavage, blastula and gastrula, bipinnaria larva, brachiolaria larva, whole mount

Starfish early cleavage

Starfish blastula and gastrula

Starfish bipinnaria

Starfish brachiolaria

Class Echinoidea

Class of echinoderms (sea urchins, sand dollars)

- globular or flattened body covered with spines; no arms, but have a central mouth on the underside

- mostly herbivorous, grazing on algae; some are detritivores

Class Holothuroidea

Class of echinoderms (sea cucumbers)

- elongated, soft-bodied; leathery skin; tube feet often modified into tentacles around the mouth

- detritivores, feeding on organic matter in the sediment

Phylum Platyhelminthes

Phylum of flukes and tapeworms

Class Turbellaria

Class of platyhelminths (flatworms)

- ex. Planaria

-eye spots

-acoelomate

Class Trematoda

Class of platyhelminths (flukes)

- ex. Chinese liver fluke

- life cycle: eggs, sporocysts, redia larva, cercaria larva (sexually mature in humans, out with feces, hatches after snail eats it, becomes sporocysts --> redia --> cercaria --> into water and attaches to fish host through muscle --> humans eat)

Class Cestoda

Class of platyhelminths (tapeworms)

- ex. pork tapeworm

- head adapted for latching and sucking

- life cycle: human intestine, gravid proglottids out with feces, eaten by pigs, goes from blood vessel to muscle, eaten by humans

Phylum Nemertea

Phylum of nemerteans

- ex. Cerebratulus

- acoelomate, have space for nose thing (rhynchocoel)

Phylum Rotifera

Phylum of rotifers

- corona = ciliated ring near head

- mastax = mouth area below corona

- tiny and white

Phylum Nematoda

Phylum of nematodes

- ex. Ascaris

- pseudocoelomate

- hooked and smaller = male

- a pale brown and kind of wrinkly looking

Phylum Brachiopoda

Phylum of lampshells

- ex. Terebratella

- top shell is different than bottom

- may have long fleshy bit sticking out

Phylum Bryozoa

Phylum

- looks like moss

- features heterozooids

Phylum Annelida

Phylum of segmented worms

- ex. earthworm

Class Polychaeta

Class of annelids

- ex. Nereis

- long, highly segmented, have legs

- Errantia vs Sedentaria: legged vs quill worms

Phylum Onychophora

Phylum of velvet worms

- ex. Peripatus

- have pretty prominent legs, shorter than Nereis

Phylum Tardigrada

Phylum of water bears

- found in moss

Phylum Mollusca

Phylum of snails, clams, nudibranchs, and cuttlefish

Classes:

- Polyplacophora

- Bivalvia

- Gastropoda

- Cephalopoda

Class Polyplacophora

Class of molluscs (chitons)

- ex. Katharina

- shell segmented into 8 parts

Class Gastropoda

Class of molluscs (snails, slugs, abalones, periwinkles)

- ex. Helix (land snail)

Group Opisthobranchia

Group within the class Gastropoda (group of nudibranchs)

Group Prosobranchs

Group within the class Gastropoda (limpets, whelks, conchs, cowries; everything that's not a snail, slug, or nudibranch)

Bivalvia

Class of molluscs (clams, oysters, scallops)

-rep type: Venus

-muscles, gills, foot, mantle

Cephalopoda

Class of mollusks (squid, octopi, cuttlefish)

Ammonoidea

Subclass of cephalopods and mollusks

-wavy shell connections

Nautiloidea

Subclass of cephalopods and mollusks

-straight shell connections

Coleoidea

Subclass of cephalopods and mollusks

-Cuttlefish - cuttlebone (chalkly, white, light)

-Squid - pen (plasticy, dark red)

-Octopodes

Arthropoda

Phylum of crabs, scorpions, ticks, barnacles, and insects

Trilobitamorpha

Subphylum of arthropods

-fossils that are highly segmented and kind look like horseshoe crabs

Chelicerata

Subphylum of arthropods

-named for claw-like mouthparts

Pycnogonida

Class of chelicerates and arthropods (sea spiders)

-pale yellow thing that looks like a mechanical tumbleweed)

Crustacea

Superclass of mandibulates and arthropods

-named for hard outer covering

Branchipoda

Class of crustaceans, mandibulates, and arthropods (fairy shrimp and water fleas)

-shrimp are fuzzy and not that small

Ostracoda

Class of crustaceans, mandibulates, and arthropods (seed shrimp)

-have a little shell around them

Copepoda

Class of crustaceans, mandibulates, and arthropods

-long antennae and fleshy tail

Cirripedia

Class of crustaceans, mandibulates, and arthropods (barnacles)

Malacostraca

Class of crustaceans, mandibulates, and arthropods (shrimp, pillbugs)

Isopoda

Order of malacostracans, crustaceans, mandibulates, and arthropods (pillbugs)

Amphipoda

Order of malacostracans, crustaceans, mandibulates, and arthropods (beachhoppers)

Stomatopoda

Order of malacostracans, crustaceans, mandibulates, and arthropods (mantis shrimp)

Decapoda

Order of malacostracans, crustaceans, mandibulates, and arthropods (shrimp, crayfish, lobster, crabs)

-life cycle: nauplius larvae, zoea, megalops

-have cephalothorax and abdomen

-chela = big claws

-crayfish anatomy: swimmerettes, uropod (tail platess), mandible + maxillipeds

Crab nauplius larva

Crab zoea larva

Crab megalops larva

Myriapoda

Superclass of mandibulates and arthropods

Chilopoda

Class of myriapods, mandibulates, and arthropods (centipedes)

Diplopoda

Class of myriapods, mandibulates, and arthropods (millipedes)

Hexapoda

Superclass of mandibulates and arthropods