The Endomembrane system

endomembrane system

the organelles in a Eukaryote that make + transfer proteins

DNA

tells us how to make proteins

• found inside the nucleus

RNA

the replaceable copy of DNA

• can float inside and outside the nucleus

protein

a molecule made up of amino acids that has many functions

• structure

• replicated the DNA (RNA)

gene

segment of DNA that tells you how to do or make one thing

nuclear membrane

the phospholipid bilayer with special holes called “nuclear pores”

nuclear pores

regulate what comes in and out of a nucleus

lysosome

organelle who’s job is to break down items that don’t belong

transcription

the process that copy’s and tells what to do

mRNA

the quick cheap copy of DNA

• the messenger for the nucleus

special proteins

can travel inside nucleus and make a “quick cheap copy” of DNA

mRNA only makes a copy of 1 strand

if destroyed it can go back and make another copy

phospholipid bilayer

all cells have these (membranes)

ribosome

small dot like structures that create poly peptide chains

polypeptide chain

many amino acids held together by peptide bonds

translation

the process through which mRNA creates a polypeptide chain (protein)

a ribosome can be found

floating in the cytoplasm (SER) or on the rough ER

smooth endoplasmic reticulum

lacks ribosomes and is not rough

endoplasmic reticulum

folded membrane attached to the nucleus

“proteins” that will be transported outside of cells

ribosomes attach to the RER

“proteins” in the cell use

ribosomes floating in the cytoplasm

ribosomes are made of 2 biomolecules

proteins and rRNA

rRNA

ribosomal RNA

nucleolus

the dark circle area inside the nucleus

• helps to make the ribosomes (makes rRNA)

large subunit

top segment of ribosomes

small subunit

the bottom segment of ribosomes

ribosomes DO NOT have membranes

b/c its a non membrane bound organelle

non-membrane bound organelle

an organelle without a membrane

membrane bound organelle

organelles with membranes

Prokaryotes

bacteria

• do not have nucleus instead have nucleoid

Eukaryotes

plants, animals, fungi, protists

• have nucleus

nucleus function:

protects the DNA

Prokaryotes DO NOT have

membrane bound cells but have non-membrane bound cells

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum function:

folds polypeptide chain into a protein

What organlle is used to make proteins and heal neighboring cells?

RER

WHy is the RER’s placement important?

1. mRNA is made in the nucleus and it wouldn’t have to travel far (less chance to get destroyed)

2. ribosomes are made in the nucleolus and they wouldn’t have to travel far (less energy)

Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum function:

no ribosomes

• makes lipids (including steroids/hormones and phospholipids)

• breaks down/detoxifies drugs/toxins

Where would ER’s be useful?

your liver breaks down drugs/toxins (SER)

your pancreas secreates proteins (RER)

to protect proteins we put them into..

a membrane

vesicle

membrane around any substance that might need protection besides an organ/organelles

transport vesicles

moves “stuff” around the inside of the cell from organelle to organelle

secretory vesicles

more or “secreate” stuff out of the cell (cell membrane)

What vesicle is this?

Because the RER is surrounded by a phospholipid bilayer the newly created protein pushes through the membrane

transport vesicle

Golgi Apparatus

modifies “the proteins and packages” into secretory vesicles

• a folded membrane not attached to the nucleus

the protein is modified and pushed through golgi membrane to create…

secretory vesicle

transport vesicles merge with the … around the Golgi body

phospholipid bilayer

exocytosis

process that ships secretory vesicles to cell membrane

secretory vesicles merges w cell membrane and causes only protein to leave the cell by…

exocytosis

lactose

the sugar inside milk products

lactase

the enzyme located in the small intestine that breakdo

lactose persistent

humans who can digest lactose as adults

• only 1/3 of the population

lactose non-persitent

adults who cannot digest lactose

lactose intolerance

the inability of lactase enzymes to breakdown lactose