Animal nutrition quiz

What is the most vital nutrient consumed by animals?

Water

At what percentage of water loss does one become dizzy?

8%

At what percentage of water loss is performance impaired?

3%

At what percentage of water loss does one become thirsty?

2%

At what percentage of water loss does concentration become impaired?

5%

At what percentage of water loss do muscle spasms occur?

10%

What percentage of water loss causes death?

20%

What percentage of body weight is water?

60-65%

What 3 major areas is water found and at what percentage?

Intracellular fluid (40-50%), extracellular fluid (20%), and GI/Urinary tract (30%)

Where is interstitial fluid found?

between cells

What is the cell composed of? What percentage of these make up the cell?

-Water 85%

-proteins 10%

-lipids 2%

-Inorganic matter 1.5%

Carbohydrates/other material 1.5%

Where is plasma found?

extracellular fluid

Is sweat composed of intracellular or extracellular fluid?

Extracellular fluid

What 2 types of cells contain the largest % of water?

Muscle and skin cells

Percentage of water in muscle tissue cells

75%

Percentage of water in adipose tissue cells

15%

Percentage of water in fresh bone cells

30

Percentage of water in tooth enamel cells

5%

9 functions of water

1. Acts as a solvent

2. transporter/carrier

3. thermoregulation

4. metabolic/chemical reactions

5. digestion and absorption

6. body structure

7. Lubricates and cushions

8. Transfer light for sight

9. Transfer sound for hearing

In saliva, what water a carrier for?

Inorganic/organic compounds

6 factors determining water requirements needed for each animal

1. Specie

2. Age

3. Feedstuff/diet

4. Environment

5. Physiological status

6. Stage of production

What is Metabolic water? What percentage is accounts for water intake?

By-product of metabolism, accounts for approximately 5-10% of water intake.

How does lipid metabolism cause water loss?

Lipids increase heat in the body, which in turn increases respiration rate. Air carried out of the lungs contains water from the body resulting in water loss.

Does lipid or carbohydrate metabolism generate more metabolic water?

Carbohydrate

Does lipid or carbohydrate metabolism generate the most initial metabolic water?

Lipid metabolism

In ruminants, where does net water absorption occur? (6)

Rumen, Omasum, Jejunum, Ileum, Caecum, Colon

In ruminants, where does net water secretion occur? (3)

Mouth, Abomasum, Duodenum

In monogastrics, where does net water absorption occur? (4)

Jejunum, Ileum, Caecum, Colom

In monogastrics, where does net water secretion occur? (3)

Mouth, Stomach, Duodenum

What happens if water is secreted but not absorbed?

Diarrhea/scours

How many liters of water do humans secrete per day?

7-9 liters

Percentage of water loss in urine

30-33%

Percentage of water loss in feces

2-3%

5 ways water is lost from the body

Urine, feces, sweat glands, lactation, lungs

Half-life of water in the body under normal conditions

~3.5 days

4 things that increase water loss in the body.

Salt, protein, fiber, and feed/food

What does salt do to increase water loss?

Makes us thirsty and increases urination rate.

Why does ingesting more protein cause water loss?

Toxins from protein metabolism require water to help flush them out.

What 4 things affect water quality?

Palatability, Minerals, micro-organisms, chemicals/toxins

What do some micro-organisms in water do?

Cause illness or cause a foul odor/taste from their excretions

Salinity

the amount of salt in water

3 minerals found in water that lead to poor quality

Salt, sulphur, heavy metal

What percentage of body weight is protein?

~15%

2nd largest nutrient found in muscle tissue

Protein

Chelated mineral

Mineral that is bound to a protein and then absorbed

How does a chelated mineral help in protein absorption?

It prevents from the protein being bonded to another substance that will prevent absorption.

10 functions of proteins

1. Act as enzymatic catalysts

2. build up immune system

3. transport nutrients and trace elements

4. Makes hormones

5. Creates storage areas in the body

6. Is the structure of body tissues

7. Provided protection

8. Fluid and electrolyte balance

9. Provides growth and differentiation

10. Last resort energy

What are enzymes made of?

proteins

What are antibodies made of?

proteins

Trace elements are also known as

micronutrients

Protein structured molecule that serves as a transporter for Iron

Hemosiderin

Protein structured molecule that serves as a transporter for oxygen

Hemoglobin

Lipoproteins

Amino acid + lipid

What do albumins transport?

Free fatty acids

What does alcohol do to the body?

Blocks the effect if antidiuretic hormone

What are hormones made of?

proteins

What comes from the pancreas and is known as the body's alarm clock?

Insulin

7 protein based hormones

Growth hormone, unsulin, glucagon, thyroxine, calcitonin, parathyroid hormone, antiseptic hormone

How do proteins provide structure to the body?

Builds muscle and connective tissues

Are carbs or proteins stored in the body? Which is only used as needed?

Carbs are stored, proteins are used and then excess excreted

Proteins in cells function as pumps to transfer ? And ? Across cell membranes

Sodium and potassium

Classifications of proteins are based on what 4 factors?

Structure, shape, solubility characteristics, special characteristics

Simple protein

a protein composed of only amino acids held together by a peptide bond

Fibrous proteins are _____________ in water and are _________ to digest.

Insoluble, hard

4 examples of fibrous proteins

keratin, elastin, collagen, myosin

Globular proteins

Enzymes and hormones

2 globular blood proteins

Albumins and globulins

Albumins are soluble in

Water

Globulins are soluble in

Neutral solutions

Hormones are produced by which body system?

endocrine system

Conjugated proteins

simple protein + nonprotein

3 types of conjugated proteins

Phosphoproteins, nucleoproteins, lipoproteins

Complete protein

a protein that contains all the essential amino acids

Incomplete protein

Protein lacking one or more essential amino acids.

What 2 foods contain complete plant proteins?

Quinoa and chia seeds

10 essential amino acids

methionine, arginine, threonine, tryptophan, histidine, isoleucine, leucine, lysine, valine, phenylalanine

What amino acid is not required for adult pigs and humans?

Arginine

3 branched chained amino acids

Isoleucine, Leucine, valine

3 things branched chained amino acids do

1.Make up 1/3 muscle protein

2. Can be converted to Alanine and Glutamine to replace what is lost during exercise

3. Preserves glycogen stores in muscle to reduce the amount of protein breakdown.

What 2 things does methionine synthesize? What do they do?

Choline to break down fat and carnitine used for energy production for fatty acids

What 2 essential amino acids are part of creatinine phosphate for high energy phosphate bonds?

Arginine and methionine

What does phenylalanine help the body produce?

Epinephrine and thyroxine

What does arginine do?

Helps turn ammonia into urea to be excreted.

What does tryptophan help produce and what is the side effect?

Produces niacin and serotonin that may cause drowsiness

What do histidines make

Histamines

Are histamines vasoconstrictors or vasodilators?

Vasodilators

3 common non essential amino acids

L-Creatine, L-carnitine, taurine

What does L-Creatine do?

Transports energy in the muscle

What does L-Carnitine do?

Reduces lactic acid in the muscle, moves fatty acids from the blood to the mitochondria for energy, serves as a thermogenic

What does taurine do?

Helps in skeletal muscle function and metabolizes fat

When do L-Creatine, L-Carnitine, and Taurine become essential amino acids?

When we are asking our body to do more than normal. Such as exercising.

All amino acids will have what 4 elements? And what percentages of each?

52% carbon, 23% oxygen, 16% nitrogen, 7% hydrogen

What one element may or may not be present in the structure of an amino acid?

Sulfur

3 major groups that make up the amino acids

R-group, amino group, carboxyl group

What essential amino acid has a D and L configuration structure that are both equally the same in function?

Methionine

What amino acid only comes in on form? No L or D configuration.

Glycine

4 downfalls of D configuration amino acids

Synthetic, low quality, less biologically active, harder/unable to digest

3 pros to L-Configuration amino acids

Most biologically active, Naturally occurring in the environment, easily digested and readily absorbed