research psychology test 1

A study from the 1930s found that smokers a lot of lung cancers. Non-smokers got few lung cancers. Based on this evidence, you conclude that smoking cigarettes causes people to get lung cancer. This illustrates:

"correlation means causation" fallacy

In years when people ate a lot of cheese, a lot of people died from being strangled by their bedsheets. In years when people ate less cheese, fewer people died in their bedsheets. Based on this evidence, you conclude that eating cheese causes you to die from bedsheet asphyxiation.

"correlation means causation" fallacy

Focusing intently on one thing causes you to miss noticing other things.

none of the above

Research shows that people who drink a lot of diet beverages have more heart attacks than people who drink non-diet beverages. You suggest that this is because the chemicals in diet drinks cause heart problems. Which of the following, if true, would illustrate the "Directionality problem" in your belief about these data?

Maybe people tend to choose diet beverages if they already have risk factors that predispose them to heart attacks. In a sense, then heart attacks cause diet beverage drinking.

I believe that Massage Therapy cures schizophrenia. Research comes along to show that Massage Therapy cures schizophrenia. I have made a ______ belief error

  I did not make a belief error

I believe that a certain factor does not cause a certain effect. This turns out later to be wrong. I have made a ______ belief error.

 

Type 2

I say that I won't believe something happened unless at least two people tell me independently that they've seen it. This places emphasis on which characteristic of science?

objective

Interobserver agreement is the defining feature of which characteristic of science?

objective

You say, "I know I have an id, because I feel its tug on me in situations of temptation." I say, "There's no way to do research on that unless you come up with some way for other people to see it too." This places emphasis on which characteristic of science?

objective

I believe that invisible aliens are on Earth, watching us. You say that to learn about this you will need to find a way to observe them. This places emphasis on which characteristic of science?

empirical

Tom claims that the speeding ticket he got is bogus because the radar gun that Officer Jones used to clock him going 82 mph in a 35 mph zone might have been broken. In court, the police reveal that second officer, standing across the street from Officer Jones, got the same speed using a different radar gun. This places emphasis on which characteristic of science?

objective

To find out how naps affect student behavior in a preschool, I position an observer in the classroom to record what students do. If I place a second observer in the room to record the same thing, and then check to see if the results found by the two observers are the same, I attend to which characteristic of science?

objective

Some people believe that during a total solar eclipse llama run around frantically. o find out if this is true, Dr. Titicaca sets up a camera by the llama pen and films during the eclipse. This places emphasis on which characteristic of science?

empirical

Knowledge

conceptual

insane

conceptual

How many facts about the Bubonic Plague a student can provide.

operational

anger

conceptual

addiction

conceptual

How many times in an hour a student fidgets in her desk.

operational

depression

conceptual

"conceptual"

focusing on abstract ideas, theories, and variables, often represented in a conceptual framework or model, rather than direct experimentation.

operational

specifies exactly how a concept or variable will be measured or manipulated within a study, allowing for concrete, replicable, and objective procedures

empirical

knowledge is based on observable, measurable evidence from experiments and observations, rather than on theory or belief alone

Objective

the research process and data analysis are free from personal bias, ensuring findings are accurate and generalizable

Confirmation bias

the tendency for researchers to seek, interpret, and recall information in a way that confirms their existing beliefs or hypotheses. This can occur at every stage of the research process

Post hoc fallacy

Latin: Therefore because of this. The logical error of assuming that because one event happened immediately after another, the first event must have caused the second

“correlation equals causation fallacy”

a core principle in research methodology that warns against assuming a cause-and-effect relationship between two variables that appear to be related or covary. Just because two variables move together statistically does not mean that one variable directly causes a change in the other. 

attentional blindness

people fail to notice unexpected and even obvious stimuli when their attention is focused on another task (and shows that our perception is limited) (A phenomenon rooted in attention and perception. It's about failing to notice something you could have seen, but didn't, due to lack of attention.) 

(a term for biased perception)

Cognitive blindness

While not a formal psychological term, it seems to refer to a different kind of failure of awareness rooted in a lack of conceptual understanding. For example, failing to see the reality of systemic issues like marginalization because one doesn't have the conceptual tools to recognize it