Unit 4: Cells and Cellular Transport

Archaea

Single celled organism that live in extreme conditions

Bacteria

Single celled organisms found in nearly every environment

Eukarya

Organisms whose cells have a nucleus enclosed within membranes

Eukaryotes

• Have nucleus

• Membrane-bound organelles

• Large

• Multiple and linear chromosomes

• Reproduction sexually and asexually

EX: Plants, Fungi, Animals, Protists

Prokaryotes

• No nucleus

• Smaller

• Circular chromosomes

• Asexual

• Cell wall

EX: Bacteria, Archaea

Coccus

Baccillus

Animal Cells

Cell membrane, Nucleus, DNA, Cytoplasm, ER, Ribosomes, Lysosomes, Mitochondria, Vesicle, Golgi

Plant Cell

Cell membrane, Cell Wall, DNA, Chloroplast, Cytoplasm, ER, Ribosomes, Mitochondria, Vesicle, Golgi, Vacuole, Cell Wall

Cell Membrane

Regulates what enters and exits cells

• A hydrophobic barrier → Gasses, hydrophobic molecules, and small polar molecules can go through cell membrane

• Large polar molecules must use transport Proteins

Ribosomes

Site of protein synthesis

Cytoplasm

Gel-like fluid in the cell

DNA

Genetic information for cell

Mitochondria

Generates ATP for the cell

Golgi Body

Finalizes proteins, packaging final proteins and lipids into vesicles

Lysosome

A type of Vesicle that contains digestive enzymes

Rough ER

Makes changes to and folds proteins

Smooth ER

Makes lipids

Cytoskeleton

Supports structure of cell and helps transport vesicles

Chloroplast

Converts light energy into chemical energy

Central Vacuole

Supports shape of plant cells, storing water and nutrients

Flagella/Cillia

Hair link on cell surface for movement

Transport Proteins

Allows large molecules or large amounts of small molecules pass through cellular membrane

Glycoproteins

Recognizes self cells vs viruses and alerts the immune system

Receptor Protein

Bind to specific molecules, which signal molecules like hormones, neurotransmitters, or growth factors

Phagocytosis

Food enters the cell through a Vesicle

Pinocytosis

Liquid enters cell through Vesicle

Exocytosis

Molecules in a Vesicle leave the cell

Diffusion

When particles spread out evenly in an available spaces

• Particles go from a high to low concentration until equilibrium

• No energy is needed (passive transport)

Simple Diffusion

Particles go straight through membrane

Facilitated Diffusion

Particles go through a protein channel

Active Transport

Substances moving against concentration gradient, energy is required

Osmoregulation

How organisms maintain water balance

Tenocity

The ability of a solution to cause a cell gain/lose water '

• Solutes cant pass cell membrane

• Water diffuses

• Flow is always from high to low

Isotonic

Same amount of solutes outside and inside of cell

Hypotonic

More water outside of cell

• Water enters cell

Hypertonic

More water inside cell

• Water leaves cell

Why are cells small

It helps them exchange materials faster with their environment. A higher surface area-to-volume ratio makes them more efficient.