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Social Psychology
The scientific study of how individuals think, feel, and behave in a social context.
Social Thinking
The way we think about ourselves and others, shaping our perceptions and interactions.
Person Perception
The process of forming impressions of other people.
Attribution Theory
A theory about how individuals explain the causes of behavior and events.
Fundamental Attribution Error
The tendency to overestimate personal factors and underestimate situational factors when explaining others' behaviors.
Self-Serving Bias
The tendency to attribute personal successes to internal factors and failures to external factors.
Attitude
A settled way of thinking or feeling about something, typically reflected in a person's behavior.
Social Comparison
Evaluating oneself in relation to others to gain self-knowledge.
Self-Fulfilling Prophecies
Expectations that lead to behavior that causes the expectations to come true.
Attitudes Can Affect Action
The principle that our attitudes can influence our behaviors.
Central Route to Persuasion
A method that involves persuasion through logical arguments and factual information.
Peripheral Route to Persuasion
A method that involves persuasion through superficial cues such as attractiveness or fame.
Foot-in-the-Door Phenomenon
The tendency for a person who has agreed to a small request to comply later with a larger request.
Door-in-the-Face Phenomenon
The tendency for people to reject a large request but comply with a smaller request.
The Reciprocity Norm
The expectation that people will respond favorably to each other by returning benefits for benefits.
The Power of the Role
The influence that social roles have on behavior and attitudes.
Zimbardo Prison Study
A psychological experiment that demonstrated the impact of situational factors on people’s behavior.
Actions Can Affect Attitudes
The concept that behavior can influence personal beliefs and attitudes.
Cognitive Dissonance Theory
The theory that states individuals experience discomfort when holding conflicting beliefs or behaviors.
Social Influence
The effect that people have on one another's beliefs, feelings, and behaviors.
The Chameleon Effect
The tendency to unconsciously mimic others' expressions, postures, and voice tones.
Suggestibility
The degree to which ideas or suggestions can influence an individual's thoughts or behaviors.
Conformity
The act of matching attitudes, beliefs, and behaviors to group norms.
Normative Social Influence
Influence resulting from a person's desire to gain approval or avoid rejection.
Informative Social Influence
Influence resulting from one's willingness to accept others' opinions about reality.
Stanley Milgram
Psychologist known for his research on obedience to authority figures.
Group Influence on Behavior
The effect that the presence of others has on individual behavior.
Social Facilitation
The tendency for performance to improve on tasks when in the presence of others.
Social Loafing
The phenomenon where individuals put in less effort when working in a group.
Deindividuation
The loss of self-awareness and self-restraint in group situations.
Groupthink
The mode of thinking that occurs when the desire for harmony in a decision-making group overrides a realistic appraisal of alternatives.
Group Polarization
The tendency for groups to make decisions that are more extreme than the initial inclination of its members.
Prejudice
A preconceived negative judgment of a group and its individual members.
Stereotype
A generalized belief or expectation about a group of people.
Discrimination
Unjustified negative behavior toward a group and its members.
Racism
Prejudice and discrimination against individuals based on their race.
Ingroup Bias
The tendency to favor one's own group over other groups.
Combating Prejudice
Strategies to reduce prejudice and promote understanding among different groups.
Social Identity Theory
The theory that a person's sense of who they are is based on their group membership.
Mirror-Image Perceptions
Mutual views often held by conflicting people; each side sees itself as ethical and peaceful and the other as evil and aggressive.
Categorization
The process of classifying people into groups based on shared characteristics.
Other-Race Effect
The tendency to recognize faces of the race we usually encounter better than those of other races.
Just World Phenomenon
The belief that the world is fair and that people get what they deserve.
Altruism
Unselfish regard for the welfare of others.
Bystander Effect
The phenomenon where the greater the number of people present, the less likely any one person is to help.
Pluralistic Ignorance
A situation in which a majority of group members privately reject a norm but go along with it because they assume others accept it.
Darley and Latane
Researchers known for their studies on the bystander effect.
Increasing Helping
Factors that can enhance the likelihood of helping behavior.
The Norms for Helping
Social expectations regarding when and how individuals should assist others.
Social Exchange Theory
The theory that human relationships are formed by the use of a subjective cost-benefit analysis.
Reciprocity Norm
The expectation that helping others will increase the likelihood that they will help us in the future.
Social Responsibility Norm
The expectation that people will help those needing help.
Social Trap
A situation in which individuals or groups are drawn into actions that are immediately rewarding but detrimental in the long term.
Peacemaking
Efforts to resolve conflict and promote peace.
Superordinate Goals
Shared goals that override differences among people and require cooperation.
Communication
The process of sending and receiving messages.
Conciliation
The action of stopping someone from being angry; mediation.
Graduated Reciprocated Initiatives in Tension Reduction (GRIT)
A strategy designed to de-escalate conflict and promote cooperation.
Aggression
Any physical or verbal behavior intended to hurt or destroy.
Frustration-Aggression Principle
The principle that frustration can lead to aggression.
Culture and Aggression
The influence that cultural background has on aggressive behavior.
Acquiring Social Scripts
Learning socially acceptable behaviors through societal norms.
Psychology of Aggression
The study of the causes and effects of aggressive behavior.
Attraction
The feeling that draws people together.
Proximity
Physical closeness to another person, which can increase attraction.
Reciprocal Liking
The tendency to like someone who likes us.
Similarity
The degree to which two people share common interests and values, which can enhance attraction.
Liking Through Association
The phenomenon where we tend to like people whose characteristics are associated with positive experiences.
Physical Attractiveness
The degree to which a person's physical appearance is found pleasing or appealing.
Beauty and Culture
How different cultures define and value beauty.
Love
A complex set of emotions, behaviors, and beliefs associated with strong feelings of affection, protectiveness, warmth, and respect.
Passionate Love
An intense longing for union with another, often accompanied by physical attraction.
Companionate Love
The deep affectionate attachment we feel for those with whom our lives are intertwined.
Equity
The idea that both partners in a relationship should receive from a relationship in proportion to what they give to it.
Self-Disclosure
Revealing personal information about oneself to others.
