Human Anatomy and Physiology: Chapters 1-4 Review

Fill-in-the-blank practice flashcards covering Chapters 1-4 for Information Festival 1 preparation.

Anatomy is defined as the study of body __________.

structures

Physiology is defined as the study of body __________.

functions

What are the levels of organization?

1. Organism level

2. Chemical level (C, H, O)

3. Molecular level (macromolecules, proteins, carbs, lipids)

4. Cellular level

5. Tissue level

6. Organ level

7. System level

What is homeostasis?

Maintaining a stable environment

The level of organization that consists of basic structural and functional units of an organism, such as muscle cells, is the __________ level.

Cellular

What are the 3 basic components of feedback systems?

1. Receptor = senses the change

2. Control center = brain

3. Effector = skeletal muscles

In a negative feedback system controlling blood pressure, baroreceptors act as the __________ that detect changes.

receptors

During labor, the contraction of uterine wall muscles forced by oxytocin is an example of a __________ feedback system.

positive

In anatomical position, a person standing erect facing the observer is described as __________ when lying face up, and __________ when lying face down.

supine; prone

The directional term that means nearer to the attachment of a limb to the trunk is __________.

proximal

The __________ layer of a serous membrane covers the surface of an organ directly, whereas the __________ layer lines the cavity wall.

visceral; parietal

A __________ plane divides the body or an organ into equal left and right sides along the midline.

midsagittal

In the diagram showing body directional terms, the line running vertically down the center of the torso is called the __________.

Midline

In the 9-region model of the abdominopelvic cavity, the region located directly central around the belly button is the __________ region.

Umbilical

The most abundant chemical element in the human body, accounting for approximately $65.0\%$ of total body mass, is __________.

Oxygen

Subatomic particles located in the nucleus with no charge and a mass of approximately $1\,amu$ are called __________.

neutrons

The atomic number of an element is equal to the number of __________ in its nucleus.

protons

What is the atomic mass?

Number of protons and neutrons

What are isotopes?

Same number of protons, different number of neutrons

Covalent bonds where electrons are shared unequally between atoms, such as in a water molecule ($H_2O$), are known as __________ covalent bonds.

polar

An ionic bond is formed when electrons are __________ from one atom to another.

transferred

Catalysts and enzymes lower the __________ energy needed for a chemical reaction to occur.

activation

What are the 3 steps of Enzymes and Catalysts?

1. Binds to enzymes active site

2. Products are formed and released

3. Active site is free

Hydrogen bonds are _____ interactions?

Weak

Are hydrogen bonds, covalent bonds?

No

What are inorganic compounds?

A chemical substance that typically lacks carbon-hydrogen bonds

What do organic compounds always contain?

Carbon

Solutions with a $pH$ value less than $7$ are classified as __________.

acidic

pH levels greater than 7 is considered

Basic

Molecules that have the same chemical formula (such as $C_6H_{12}O_6$) but different structural configurations are called __________.

isomers

What are monosaccharides?

The simplest form of carbohydrate and cannot be broken down into smaller sugar units.

What are disaccharides?

A simple sugar made when two monosaccharide molecules joined together.

The main storage polysaccharide in human liver and muscle cells is __________.

glycogen

Do fatty acids like water

No

What are unsaturated fatty acids?

Presence of a double bond

Phospholipids are described as __________ because they contain both a polar hydrophilic head and nonpolar hydrophobic tails.

amphipathic

hydrophilic

Polar heads

Hydrophobic

Nonpolar tails

Polypeptide chain, amino acid sequence

primary structure

Twisting and folding of neighboring amino acids stabilized by hydrogen

secondary structure

Three dimensional shape of polypeptide chain

Tertiary structure

arrangement of two or more polypeptide chains

Quaternary structure

What does a nucleic acid contain?

Hydrogen bonds

how does RNA structure differ from DNA?

Ribose

mRNA

Messenger RNA

rRNA

Forms ribosomes

tRNA

Carries amino acids

The three main components of a eukaryotic cell are the plasma membrane, the cytoplasm, and the __________.

nucleus

In a gated $K^+$ channel, potassium ions move out of the cell across the plasma membrane down their concentration gradient via __________ diffusion.

channel-mediated facilitated

Subscribe the cell membrane as flexible to dimensional liquid where various molecules float, move, and formm mosaic pattern

Fluid mosaic model

Transmembrane proteins that span the entire lipid layer

Integral proteins

hydrophilic and temporarily attached to the surface of the cell membrane rather than embedded deep within the lipid bilayer

Peripheral proteins

Easily enters in and out of cells

Water, gases, small; fat-soluble molecules

Can’t enter in and out of cells

Large, water-soluble molecules

Graduate in the concentration of a solute in a solution

Concentration gradient

Oxygen and sodium ions are more concentrated?

Outside the cell

Carbon dioxide and potassium ions are more concentrated?

Inside the cell

A difference in electrical charge between 2 area?

Electrical gradient

Combine the concetration and membrane gradients

Electrochemical gradient

From high to low concentration (no ATP used)

Passive processes

Going against the concentration from low to high (need ATP)

Active processes

types of diffusion

1. Simple diffusion

2. Chanel-mediated facilitated

3. Carrier-mediated facilitated

2 ways water can pass through plasma membrane?

1. Through lipid bilayer by simple diffusion

2. Through aquaporins (integral membrane proteins)

What happens if we need to go against their concentration gradient?

Need energy, ATP

The primary active transport pump found in all cells moves $3$ $Na^+$ out of the cell and __________ $K^+$ into the cell using ATP.

$$2$$

The site of most cellular metabolism

cytosol

Specialized structures within the cell

Organelles

Located near the nucleus, consists of centrioles and pericentriolar area

Centrosome

Organelles responsible for protein synthesis that consist of a large subunit, small subunit, and ribosomal RNA are __________.

ribosomes

The organelle studded with ribosomes that processes and synthesizes proteins is the __________.

rough endoplasmic reticulum

Synthesizes carbs, lipids, and steroid hormones

Smooth endoplasmic reticulum

Detoxifies fat-soluble drugs, alcohol, toxic metabolic waste

Smooth endoplasmic reticulum

Modifies, sorts, and packages proteins and lipids for transport

Golgi complex

Digestive system and wast recycling center of eukaryotic cells

Lysosomes

An inherited fatal lysosomal storage disease that results in the destruction of nerve cells in the brain and spinal cord

Tay-Sachs Disease

Detoxify several toxic substances such as H2O2?

Peroxisomes

Continuously destroy proteins

Proteasomes

Produce most of the chemical energy needed to power the cell’s biochemical reactions

Mitochondria

Store, protect, and manage the cell’s genetic material (DNA) to direct all cellular activities

Nucleus

Histones (+ charged proteins) to fold the DNA, DNAs are negatively charged

Packing DNA

Gene expression

Transcription, translation

In the cell cycle, DNA replication occurs during the __________ phase of interphase.

S

During the process of gene expression, converting a DNA sequence into messenger RNA (mRNA) is called __________.

transcription

allows the passage of molecules, in the heart to allow cells to work in sync

gap junctions

All epithelial have a ___ and ___

free apical surface; attached basal surface

2 types of Epithelium

1. Covering/lining

2. Glandular

Squamous

Cubital

Columnar

How many layers does simple epithelium have?

1 layer

Looks like many layers but is only 1 layer

Psuedostratified

Has many layers

Stratified epithelium

An epithelial tissue consisting of a single layer of flattened, paving stone-like cells found in the air sacs of lungs and capillaries is __________ squamous epithelium.

simple

In the digestive tract, nonciliated simple columnar epithelium features specialized projections called __________ to increase surface area for absorption.

microvilli

Specialized simple columnar cells that secrete mucus are known as __________ cells.

goblet

The type of epithelium lining the trachea that appears to have multiple layers due to nuclei at varying levels is __________ ciliated columnar epithelium.

pseudostratified

Glands that secrete their products directly into the bloodstream without ducts are called __________ glands.

endocrine

Specialized organs that release substances onto a body surface or into a cavity through ducts

Exocrine glands

1. Bind

2. Support

3. Protect

4. Transport

5. Energy reserves and immune responses

Functions of connective tissue

Areolar, adipose, and reticular

Loose connective tissue