BSCI202 lab practical 1

The 3 cellular components that blood is composed of

RBCs/Erythrocytes, WBCs/leukocytes, platelets

5 types of WBCs

agranulocytes: (lymphocytes, monocytes) and granulocytes: (neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils)

function of erythrocytes

use hemoglobin to carry oxygen to tissues throughout body

function of leukocytes

immune functions

function of platelets

blood clotting

name, amount in blood, and function

neutrophil. 3000-7000. phagocytize pathogens or debris

name, amount in blood, function

eosinophil. 100-400. kill parasitic worms, slightly phagocytic, role in allergy and asthma

name, amount in blood, function

basophil. 20-50. releases histamine and other mediators of inflammation. contains heparin (anticoagulant)

name, amount in blood, function

lymphocyte. 1500-3000. immune response through direct cell attack or antibody production. recognizes antigens

name, amount in blood, function

monocyte. 100-700. develop into macrophages in tissues and phagocytize

formula for hematocrit

(height of RBC/height of all components of blood) x 100

what is a buffy coat

fluid that is >1% of blood that contains leukocytes and platelets

normal hematocrit ranges

adult female: 37-47%

adult male: 42-52%

newborn: 49-61%

whats leukocytosis

leukocyte count too high. buffy coat is over 1%. caused by infection and some types of leukemia. detected by hematocrit

whats anemia

erythrocyte count too low. hematocrit value below average

whats aplastic anemia

bone marrow doesn’t produce enough new erythrocytes

whats iron deficiency anemia

erythrocytes are smaller

whats hemolytic anemia

erythrocytes are destroyed too quickly

whats sickle cell anemia

sickle shaped erythrocytes

hemorrhagic anemia

caused by blood loss. not detected by hematocrit

why do individuals that live at high altitude have higher hematocrits

low oxygen levels, so body produces more erythrocytes to increase blood oxygen levels

function of lymphatic system and the 2 parts

2 parts are lymphatic vessels and lymphoid tissues and organs.

function: transports ecaped fluids back to the blood. aids in body defense and disease resistance/ helps digestion

whats lymph fluid

fluid within bodily tissues that leaks out capillaries of cardio system. picked up by lymphatic vessels

properties of lymphatic vessels

one way system that moves lymph back towards heart (right lymphatic duct and thoracic duct). skeletal muscle pump. valves prevent backflow of lymph

function of lymph nodes

filters lymph fluid before its returned to blood.

2 defense cells within lymph nodes

1. macrophages: engulf and destroy foreign substances

2. lymphocytes provide immune response to antigens

cortex

outer part of lymph node that contains follicles that house collections of lymphocytes

medulla

inner part of lymph node that contains macrophages

how does lymph enter and exit

enters through the 4 afferent lymphatic vessels and exits out the 2 efferent lymphatic vessels

the 2 primary lymphoid organs

bone marrow and thymus

6 secondary lymphoid organs and tissues

spleen, lymph nodes, tonsils, adenoid, appendix, and peyers patches

red bone marrow

site of lymphocyte production. B cells and T cells originate from here but only B cells mature here.

spleen function

left side of abdomen. filters blood and destroys worn out blood cells. forms blood cells in fetus and acts as blood resevoir.

thymus

T cells mature here. produces hormones to program lymphocytes. functions at peak levels during childhood

tonsils

trap and remove bacteria.

peyer’s patches

capture and destroy bacteria in the intestine.

appendix

reservoir for gut bacteria. assists in B cell maturation

B cell function

lymphocyte that resides in the lymph nodes, spleen or other lymphoid tissues.

plasma cells produce…

antibodies

5 major classes of antibody

IgM, IgG, IgD, IgA, IgE

structure of antibodies

Y shaped and antigen binding sites on arms.

antibody functions

bind to specific antigen. aids in inactivation or destruction of antigens

antigen antibody complex is inactivated by

neutralization, agglutination, precipitation which enhances phagocytosis

how is blood typed

by using antibodies that cause blood with certain proteins to clump. classified based on antigens found on the plasma of erythrocytes

2 groups that blood is classfied by

1. ABO blood groups

2. Rh blood groups

difference between arteries and veins

arteries carry blood away from the heart. veins carry blood to the heart.

4 chambers of the heart and function

2 atria: receive blood from the vena cavae and pulmonary vein

2 ventricles: receive blood from atria and pumps blood into aorta and pulmonary artery

septa includes

interatrial septum: separates atria into the left and right atrium

interventricular septum: separates ventricles into left and right ventricle

what is lub dub

sounds of blood hitting SL and AV valves as they close. lub is the closure of av valves at the start of ventricular systole. dub is closure of sl valves at the end of ventricular systole,

4 heart valves

2 semilunar: pulmonary and aortic

2 atrioventricular valves: tricuspid and mitral

location and function of SL valves

located at openings to arteries. prevent backflow of blood into ventricles when they relax.

function of AV valves

prevents backflow of blood into atria

right av valve: tricuspid

left av valve: bicuspid/mitral

chordae tendinae

cords prevent av valve inversion

papillary muscle

anchors the chordae tendinae

3 layers of the heart wall

epicardium: outermost layer of heart wall

myocardium: middl layer made of cardiac muscle.

endocardium: innermost layer

2 circulatory systems

systemic circulation: carries blood to tissues for nourishment. transport deoxygenated blood back to heart. left ventricle to aorta to other arteries to arterioles to capillaries to venules to veins to venae cavae to right atrium

pulmonary circulation: carries oxygenated blood to lungs for gas exchange then brings oxygenated blood back to the heart. right ventricle to pulmonary trunk to pulmonary arteries to capillaries within the lungs to left atrium

natural pacemaker

SA node. sets rate of depolarization

affect of sns and pns on heart activity

sns accelerates heart rate while pns decelerates heart rate

p wave

depolarization of the atria before atrial contraction

QRS complex

depolarization of ventricles before ventricular contraction. atrial repolarization

t wave

repolarization of ventricles

explain the route of conduction in the heart

• impulse at SA node

• impulse is delayed at the AV node

• electrical conduction through ventricles: bundle of His/AV bundle, bundle branches, purkinje fibers)

whats depolarization

contraction of cardiac muscles

PR interval

signal travel from SA node to AV node. if >0.2 seconds, that indicates partial heart block

QRS complex

ventricular depolarization and atrial repolarization. prolonged interval means partial blockage of right or left bundle branch

QT interval

from ventricular depolarization through repolarization. faster heart rate is shorter QT interval. prolonged interval can cause ventricular arrhythmias

whats this

normal sinus rhythm

whats this

junctional rhythm. no P wave. SA node is not acting as the pacemaker and AV node is pacing the heart

whats this

second degree heart block. not all p waves followed by qrs complex. damage to AV node

whats this

ventricular fibrillation. acture myocardial infarction. impulses generated in atria do not pace ventricular contractions

fibrillation

rapid uncoordinated contractions. renders heart useless as a pump

whats this

normal cardiac muscle. striated and uninucleate cells.

whats this

immediately after infarction (12hrs). loss of striations and nuclei

whats this

healing the tissue. (1-4 days0. necrosis of cardiac tissue. invasion of neutrophils

whats this

healed tissue. scarring and noncontractile scar tissue

average blood volume

females is 4-5 L and males is 5-6 L

why are RBCs different from other blood cells

anucleate so unable to repair damage/reproduce. limited lifespen of 100-120 days and break down in spleen

diapedesis

how leukocytes move in and out of blood vessels and wnder through body tissues with amoeboid motion

leukocytosis

wbc count over 11,000. indicates bacterial/viral infection.

leukopenia

wbc number under 4000

leukemia

malignant disorder of lymphoid tissues. uncontrolled proliferation of wbcs accompanied by reduction of rbcs and platelets.

causes of polycythemia (inc in # of rbcs)

bone marrow cancer or living in high altitudes.

finding differential wbc count formula

percent= #observed/total # counted times 100.

hemostasis

protective mechanism when blood vessel breaks to stop bleeding

what are the 3 events that happen during homeostasis

vascular spasm platelet plug formation, coagulation

what triggers coagulation mechanism

when the injured issues and platelets release tissue factor and platelet factor 3.

what do antibodies do

act against RBC carrying antigens that arent present on the persons own rbcs

blood type A antigens and antibodies

antigens A, antibodies anti B

blood type B antigens and antibodies

B antigens, Anti A antibodies

blood type AB antigens and antibodies

A and B antigens, no antibodies

blood type O antigens and antibodies

O antigen, anti a and anti b antibodies

atherosclerosis

body’s blood vessels become blocked by plaques

2 functions of the lymphatic system

1. transports tissue fluid that leaked out of the vascular system and returns it to the blood vessels

2. protects body by removing foreign material

lymphatic capillaries

pick up leaked fluid and carry it to larger vessels

right lymphatic duct function

drains lymph from right upper extremity, head, and thorax. large thoracic duct receives lymph form rest of the body.

location and function of lymph nodes

found in inguinal, cervical, and axillary regions. filters lymph fluid

2 types of defense systems

1. innate: surface barriers like skin and mucous membranes. born with it

2. adaptive defenses. lock and key for foreign molecules

3 characteristics of adaptive immune response

memory, specificity, self tolerance

whats autoimmunity

our immune system/s ability to recognize our own tissues (self) from foreign antigens (nonself)

clonal selection

when antigen binds to the specific cell surface receptors of a T or B cell