Physical Education Revision: Anatomy, Biomechanics & Skills

What is a joint?

A point where two or more bones articulate.

What is the joint type of the shoulder?

Ball-and-socket joint.

What bones articulate at the shoulder?

Humerus and scapula.

What movements are possible at the shoulder?

Flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, medial rotation, lateral rotation and circumduction.

What is shoulder flexion?

Movement of the arm forwards/upwards in the sagittal plane.

What is shoulder extension?

Movement of the arm backwards in the sagittal plane.

What is shoulder abduction?

Movement of the arm away from the body's midline.

What is shoulder adduction?

Movement of the arm towards the body's midline.

What is circumduction?

A circular movement combining flexion, extension, abduction and adduction.

What is a main agonist for shoulder abduction?

Deltoid.

What is a main agonist for shoulder adduction?

Latissimus dorsi or pectoralis major.

What is a main agonist for shoulder flexion?

Anterior deltoid or pectoralis major.

What is a main agonist for shoulder extension?

Latissimus dorsi or posterior deltoid.

What type of joint is the elbow?

Hinge joint.

What bones articulate at the elbow?

Humerus, radius and ulna.

What movements occur at the elbow?

Flexion and extension.

What is the agonist during elbow flexion?

Biceps brachii.

What is the antagonist during elbow flexion?

Triceps brachii.

What is the agonist during elbow extension?

Triceps brachii.

What is the antagonist during elbow extension?

Biceps brachii.

What type of joint is the wrist?

Condyloid joint.

What movements occur at the wrist?

Flexion, extension, abduction and adduction.

What muscles act as agonists during wrist flexion?

Wrist flexors.

What muscles act as agonists during wrist extension?

Wrist extensors.

What type of joint is the radioulnar joint?

Pivot joint.

What bones articulate at the radioulnar joint?

Radius and ulna.

What movements occur at the radioulnar joint?

Pronation and supination.

What is pronation?

Rotation of the forearm so the palm faces downwards/posteriorly.

What is supination?

Rotation of the forearm so the palm faces upwards/anteriorly.

What is a main agonist for pronation?

Pronator teres.

What is a main agonist for supination?

Biceps brachii.

What type of joint is the hip?

Ball-and-socket joint.

What bones articulate at the hip?

Femur and pelvis.

What movements occur at the hip?

Flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, medial/lateral rotation and circumduction.

What is a main agonist for hip flexion?

Iliopsoas.

What is a main agonist for hip extension?

Gluteus maximus.

What is a main agonist for hip abduction?

Gluteus medius.

What muscles are agonists for hip adduction?

Adductors.

What type of joint is the knee?

Hinge joint.

What bones articulate at the knee?

Femur and tibia.

What are the main movements at the knee?

Flexion and extension.

What is the agonist during knee flexion?

Hamstrings.

What is the antagonist during knee flexion?

Quadriceps.

What is the agonist during knee extension?

Quadriceps.

What is the antagonist during knee extension?

Hamstrings.

What type of joint is the ankle?

Hinge joint.

What bones articulate at the ankle?

Tibia, fibula and talus.

What are the main movements at the ankle?

Plantar flexion and dorsiflexion.

What is plantar flexion?

Movement where the toes point away from the shin.

What is dorsiflexion?

Movement where the toes move towards the shin.

What is the agonist during plantar flexion?

Gastrocnemius.

What is the antagonist during plantar flexion?

Tibialis anterior.

What is the agonist during dorsiflexion?

Tibialis anterior.

What is the antagonist during dorsiflexion?

Gastrocnemius.

What is an agonist?

The muscle primarily responsible for producing a movement.

What is an antagonist?

A muscle that opposes or controls the action of the agonist.

What is a fixator?

A muscle that stabilises a joint or body part so the agonist can produce movement efficiently.

Why are agonists and antagonists described as antagonistic pairs?

Because they produce opposite actions at a joint.

What is a concentric contraction?

A contraction in which a muscle shortens while producing tension.

Give a sporting example of concentric contraction.

Quadriceps shortening to extend the knee when jumping upwards.

What is an eccentric contraction?

A contraction in which a muscle lengthens while producing tension.

Give a sporting example of eccentric contraction.

Quadriceps lengthening to control knee flexion when landing from a jump.

What is an isometric contraction?

A contraction where tension is produced without a change in muscle length or joint movement.

Give an example of isometric contraction.

Maintaining a plank position.

What is a major role of eccentric contractions?

Controlling/decelerating movement and absorbing force.

What does SO stand for?

Slow oxidative.

What does FOG stand for?

Fast oxidative glycolytic.

What does FG stand for?

Fast glycolytic.

What is the contraction speed of SO fibres?

Slow.

What force do SO fibres produce?

Relatively low force.

How resistant are SO fibres to fatigue?

Very resistant.

How many mitochondria do SO fibres contain?

Many.

What is the capillary density of SO fibres?

High.

How much myoglobin do SO fibres contain?

A high concentration.

What is the aerobic capacity of SO fibres?

High.

What activities are SO fibres best suited to?

Long-duration endurance activities.

Give a sporting example relying heavily on SO fibres.

Marathon running.

Why do SO fibres contain many mitochondria?

To produce large amounts of ATP aerobically.

Why do SO fibres have many capillaries?

To provide a good supply of oxygen and remove waste products.

Why do SO fibres contain lots of myoglobin?

Myoglobin stores and assists the transport of oxygen within muscle.

What is the contraction speed of FOG fibres?

Fast.

What force can FOG fibres produce?

Moderate to high force.

What is the fatigue resistance of FOG fibres?

Moderate.

What energy systems can FOG fibres use?

Both aerobic and anaerobic energy production.

What activities are FOG fibres suited to?

Activities requiring repeated high-intensity efforts with some endurance.

Give an example of an activity using FOG fibres.

Games such as football or an 800 m run.

What is the contraction speed of FG fibres?

Very fast.

How much force do FG fibres produce?

High force.

How quickly do FG fibres fatigue?

Very quickly.

How many mitochondria do FG fibres have?

Few.

What is the capillary density of FG fibres?

Low.

How much myoglobin do FG fibres contain?

Low amounts.

What stores are high in FG fibres?

Glycogen stores.

What type of energy production do FG fibres rely heavily on?

Anaerobic energy production.

What activities are FG fibres suited to?

Short-duration, explosive, high-power activities.

Give examples of FG-dominant activities.

100 m sprint, shot put, jumping or weightlifting.

What is linear motion?

Movement where all parts of a body move the same distance in the same direction over the same time.

What is rectilinear motion?

Linear movement in a straight line.

What is curvilinear motion?

Linear movement along a curved path.

How is linear motion produced?

By an external force acting through the centre of mass.