Astronomy 103

What is 900000 in Scientific Notation?

9 × 10^5

What is .000009 in Scientific Notation?

9 × 10^-6

When multiplying scientific notation…

Multiply bases, add exponents, make sure there is one number left of the decimal.

When dividing scientific notation…

Divide bases, subtract exponents, make sure there is one number left of the decimal.

Ratios are…

Unitless

When dividing one number by another they must…

Have the same units

Earth is how many years old?

4.5 GYR / 4.5 Billions Years old

Ratio questions sound like?

How many times bigger is….? How many could fit inside…?

Smallest unit of matter that retains all of the element’s properties

Atom

3 particles in an atom

electrons, neutrons, protons

More than 99% of an atom’s volume is what?

Empty space

Since atoms are made up of mostly empty space, why do we not pass through things?

The negative charge of electrons repels other negatively charged electrons from other atoms

What makes water so unique?

It's polarity

Water is more negative near the ____ and more positive near the ___

Oxygen (-), Hydrogen (+)

The bonds between water molecules are called

hydrogen bonds

Water’s specific heat capacity and heat of vaporization allow organisms to

maintain homeostasis

Since water has polarity, ions can dissolve in it, making it a

solvent

Cohesion is what

molecules are attracted to each other because of the hydrogen bonds they form with each other

Adhesion is a property where

Water is attracted to other molecules that have charges, as sometimes their adhesion forces are stronger than their cohesion forces, meaning it can have capillary action

Number of protons

defines the element of an atom

Defines the weight of an atom

Neutron + Protons

Electron cloud energy levels hold how many? 1? 2?

2, 8

Ionic bonds

Bonds where electrons are TRANSFERRED from one atom to another, where their newfound opposite charges (due to the difference between protons and electrons) attract them to one another, forming a molecule

Covalent bond

Where atoms are SHARED, # of covalent bonds possible is defined by how many more electrons can be added to its valence shell

Empirical formulas

Show the smallest whole number ratio of a bigger sum

Most common elements for life?

Carbon, Hydrogen, Nitrogen, Oxygen, Phosphorus, Sulfur (CHNOPS)

Life properties

Grow, Reproduce, Respond to stimuli, Regulate their internal environment, Obtain and use energy from their external environment

What makes an environment habitable?

Biogenic elements, Liquid solvent, Stable conditions, Source of energy

Abiogenesis

Formation of life from non-living substances
1. Produce organic molecules
2. Replication
3. Membranes