CPL

MT

Chemical Technology

It takes into account principles of ChE and applies at industrial

scale to produce chemicals

Edible Oils

Compounds based on long chain fatty acids and esters such as

glycerides

• Derivatives such as glycerin, long chain fatty alcohols, sulfates and

sulfonates

• Products of these compounds are used for food, sanitation,

polymers and in paint industry

Synthetic organic Chemical industries

Organics, pesticides, petrochemicals, detergents, polymers industry,

etc.

Natural Product industries

• Edible and essential oils industry

• Soaps industry

• Carbohydrates industry

• Fermentation industry

• Pulp and paper industry, etc.

Soap and detergent industry

Compounds of these industries are used for cleanliness and for

industrial surface active applications

• Based on colloidal chemistry principles

Soaps

Compounds of type R∙COO∙M where R∙COO∙ is fatty acid radical

representing oleic, stearic, palmitic, lauric and myristic

Detergents

These are synthetic organic chemicals; however, discussed under

natural products industries because of competitive position with soaps

• Promote better surface tension, lowering than soaps

• Types: anionic, cationic, non-ionic and detergent builders

Sugar and Starch industry

Naturally occurring organics having combinations of C, H, and O,

with H and O ratio same as H2O

Fermentation industry

In this industry, specific microorganism acts on substrate to

produce desired chemical compound

pulp

commercial cellulose derived from bamboo, bagasse, wood,

etc. by mechanical or chemical methods

true rubber

It must elongate at least 200% and return to its original dimensions

rapidly and forcibly

Petroleum

• It is formed millions of years ago from organic matter of marine deposits

in anaerobic conditions, i.e., in the absence of oxygen

• Selective bacterial attack destroyed proteins and carbohydrates of

organic matters and leaving fats to accumulate as oil reserves; thus,

known as fossil fuel

It is a major source of energy and also a basic raw material for production

of large numbers of synthetic organic chemicals

Polymers

They can be synthesized from various types and combinations of

monomers to yield unusual properties (physical and chemical)

Crushing

Used typically in (4:1) size reduction of hard materials

from -5 to 20 mesh or -1 to-4 mesh

Grinding

Wet or dry grinding may be carried out in presence of

balls, pebbles or rods

• Feed may be -4 to -100 mesh and reduction ratio 10-15

to 1

Pelletizing

Pneumatic conveying, bucket elevators, screw

conveyors, belt conveyors, etc.

Pneumatic conveying

Used originally for grain; however, now also used widely

for cement, catalysts, coke and powdered chemicals

Bucket elevators

Used for elevating materials

• Can be used for moving powdered or granular

materials to and from storage or between reaction

vessels

screw conveyor

Versatile and used to mix and heat or cool

• Can be operated under pressure

• Useful for powders or sticky materials

belt conveyor

Can be used to handle large volumes over long

distances economically

Screening

Wire, plastic or fabric screens are used to separate

solids of varying sizes

Elutriation

Used to remove fines from a solid by passage of a gas

to fluidize and transport the fines

Forth floatation

Finely ground ores suspended in water using floatation

reagents and blown with air

• These ores often (-5 mesh)

• Desired product collects in froth

Open chain or aliphatic compounds:

Petroleum composition
n-paraffins and

isoparaffins

Ring Compounds

Petroleum composition
Naphthalene’s and aromatics

Asphalts

Complex materials of relatively low value

• Consisting of colloids of asphaltenes and resins in oil

n-paraffins

These are open straight chain saturated hydrocarbons

isoparaffins

• Branched hydrocarbons (starts with isobutane)

• Higher octane number than n-paraffins

Naphthalenes

• Saturated cyclic compounds (cyclohexane, methylcyclohexane)

• Second most abundant in crude

• Higher density & boiling point than n-alkanes

Aromatics

• Present in small amounts

• Mono-aromatics: single benzene ring

• PAHs (Polyaromatic Hydrocarbons): multiple rings (naphthalene, anthracene, pyrene)

• Heavy crudes contain more aromatics

Reserves

• Present in small amounts

• Mono-aromatics: single benzene ring

• PAHs (Polyaromatic Hydrocarbons): multiple rings (naphthalene, anthracene, pyrene)

• Heavy crudes contain more aromatics

Pyrolysis

Purpose: Break larger molecules into smaller ones

Coking

Purpose: Upgrade residual petroleum/heavy fractions

reforming

Purpose: Convert hydrocarbons to aromatics (high octane)

Polymerization 

Purpose: Combine C₃-C₄ olefins → larger molecules (dimers, trimers)

Alkylation

Purpose: React olefins with isoparaffins → high-octane alkylate

Isomerization

Purpose: Convert n-paraffins → isomers for alkylation feedstock

Hydrodealkylation

Reforming produces about equal yields of benzene, toluene,

and xylene (BTX)

• Dominant need is benzene so a combined hydrogenation

and dealkylation process is employed