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Bias results from...
The human tendency and need to classify individuals into categories and quickly process information to make sense of the world
Unconscious classifications occur through __ or __.
Schemas or mental maps
When people create schemas/bias based on age, gender, race or other criteria this is called __.
Stereotyping
Schema:
A conceptual framework that organizes and interprets information so that a person can make sense of the world
Stereotype:
A widely held but fixed and oversimplified image or idea of a particular type of person or thing
T/F: Stereotyping is always negative.
False, not necessarily
Attitudes:
Positive or negative feelings and attributes towards a person or thing
Implicit bias comes from __ and __.
Implicit stereotypes and implicit attitudes
What is implicit bias?
Subconscious feelings, perceptions, attitudes, and stereotypes that have developed as a result of prior influences and imprints; automatic positive or negative preference for a group
Implicit bias does not require __, only __ to produce discriminatory actions.
Animus, only knowledge of a stereotype
Animus:
Hostile feeling or intent; animosity; hostility; disposition
T/F: Implicit bias can be equally as problematic as explicit bias.
True, both can produce discriminatory behavior
During implicit bias, individuals may be __.
Unaware that biases are driving their decision-making
Examples of implicit bias:
Police being automatically suspicious or Hispanics or black people, or less suspicious of women (thus letting them off the hook)
Implicit bias needs to be __ and then __.
Recognized and then managed
Counter-stereotyping:
Exposing individuals to information that goes against their established attitudes in an attempt to alter them; i.e. having positive contacts with the group they are negatively biased against
Why is counter-stereotyping harder with police?
They are more likely to be exposed to negative interactions which can contribute to negative stereotypes
What is explicit bias?
The attitudes and beliefs we have about a person or group on a conscious level, they are aware of their prejudices and attitudes towards certain groups; the traditional concept of bias
Examples of explicit bias:
Overt racism and racist comments
Cultural competency:
The ability to understand, appreciate, and work effectively with people from across different cultures, includes cultural sensitivity and inclusivity
Why is cultural competency important for police?
They encounter individuals from a diverse group on a daily basis
Four strategies to increase cultural competency:
Seek human resource strategies that promote diversity
Institutionalize and document the agency's commitment to cultural competence
Implement training and socialization strategies that promote a high service ethic for diverse populations
Commit to organizational policy assessments and individual evaluations to measure the development of cultural competence
Commit to organizational policy assessments and individual evaluations to measure the development of cultural competence
What are demographics that should be covered by community relation services?
Actual or perceived race, color, national origin, ethnicity, sex, gender, gender identity, sexual orientation, religion, disability
What is Project Implicit?
A Harvard-based, nonprofit organization of international social cognition researchers that created Implicit Association Tests (IATs) to measure the strength of associations between concepts (test to identify implicit bias)
What are 5 strategies to reduce implicit bias?
Stereotype replacement, coster-stereotypic imaging, individuation, perspective taking, increased opportunities for contact
What is stereotype replacement?
Replacing automatic stereotypical responses with new, automatic, non-stereotypical responses; must first recognize a response as stereotypical, then label and identify why it occurred, consider alternate responses to use in the future, finally use theses alternatives as a replacement
What is counter-stereotypic imaging?
Creating an opposite image of a stereotype in your mind (can be general/abstract, or specific famous/nonfamous people)
What is individuation?
Process of giving individuality to persons in a group, helps to prevent making biased inferences about individuals based on gender, race, sexual orientation, etc.
What is perspective taking?
Lessening automatic group-based judgements and improving psychological closeness to the group in question
How do we increase opportunities for contact?
Seek out opportunities to engage with stigmatized groups in a positive manner
What training is available to reduce biased policing practices?
Fair and Impartial Policing (FIP), the Fair and Impartial Policing Training Program, Anti-Bias Training for Law Enforcement Professionals
T/F: All people, even well-intentioned people who consider themselves unprejudiced, have biases.
True
T/F: Having biases is abnormal to human functioning.
False, very normal
T/F: Biases are often unconscious or implicit.
True (thus influencing choices and actions without conscious thinking or decision-making)
T/F: Policing based on biases or stereotypes is unsafe, ineffective, and unjust.
True
T/F: People cannot learn to reduce and manage their own biases.
False
T/F: Workplace executives and upper-level staff can implement a comprehensive agency program to reduce bias-driven decision-making in their employees.
True
Fair and impartial policing is a cornerstone of ___ and is important to ___.
Procedural justice; community perceptions of a police agency's legitimacy
