Population and Migration

Total Fertility Rate

The number of children predicted to be born to a women as she passes through her child-bearing years

Crude Death Rate (CDR)

Number of deaths per 1,000 people in a region

Epidemiological

As a country develops, the types of diseases causing death tend to shift from contagious to cronic

Density

Number of people in a particular land area, can be studied across all scales global, regional, national, local

Doubling Time

The amount of time needed for the population to double in size

Crude Birth Rate CBR

Number of births per 1,000 people in a region

Pro-natalist Policies (expance policies)

By a goverment to promote reproduction and bigger families

Physialogical Density

Reveals the population pressure on arable land

Population Pyramid

Used by geographers to evaluate the distribution of ages and gender in a given population

Sex Ration

The proportion of males to females. It is often measured as the number of males per 100 females.

Aging Population

The more top-heavy the pyramid, the higher the percentage of elderly people in the population

Age Structure

The distribution of people’s ages in a population

Rate of Natural Increase (RNI)

Growth rate of a population, exluding immigration and emigration, exptessed per 1,000 people in the population being analyzed. (Calcuated by subtrating CDR and CBR)

Positive Checks on Population Growth

Intentianel to prevent population growth

Clustered

Another word used by geographers to describe places with high-density gradients

Negative Checks on Population Growth

Disatrous responces to unchecked population growth such as starvation and widespread disease

Overpopulation

Occurs when a region’s population outgrows it’s carrying capacity

Concentrated Gradient

High density gradient

Dispersed Gradiant

Low density gradiant

Anti-Natalist Policies

Discourage reproduction, try to delay reproduction until older years, and try to reproduce population growth rates

Aruthmetic Density (Population Density)

The total number of people divided by the total land area

Infrastructure

Refers to support systems in a region, including housing, police forced, roads, education, food, and health

Carrying Capacity

The number of peope the area can sustain or support

Demograhic Transition Model (DTM)

A geographic model that explains and predicts changes in population growth

Agricultural Density

The number of farmers per unit of farmable land

Thomas Mathus

A british theorist who in 1798 asserted an essay on the Principle of Population- that the world’s population growth would exceed it’s carrying capacity in response to rapid population growth during western Europe’s industrialization

Arable Land

Frequently considered the only land feasible for human activities, at least without a lot of expensive investment

Distribution

Distribution of a population is the pattern of people across earth’s surface

Cohort

A group of people of the same age range

Dependency Ratio

A tool used to analyze the workforce and age distribution in a country

Non-Dependents

People between 15-64 because they usually can support themselves

Dependents

People who are either older or younger than the working group. They depend on the non-dependents for survival

Migration

The process of permanently moving from a home region and crossing an admintrative border or boundry

Voluntary Migration

Occurs when people have an option to migrate or not

Chain Migration

Occurs when people migrate to be with other people who have migrated before them and with whom they feel some connection like family or religion

Transhumance

A form of nomadism, a form of voluntary migration. The movement of livestock among different locations and the subsequent following of the herd by livestock farmers

Guest Workers

Workers temporarily allowed into a country on work permits, voluntary migration

Step Migration

Describes the pattern of migrating occuring step by step, as when people in the farmlands migrate into urban cneters. Occurs when migrants move.

Internal Migration

Occurs when a migrant doesn’t cross an administrative boundary, but moves within a eopolitical entity

Migration Stream

A migration stream or path from a place of origin to a destination, often develops because of exchanges of imformation among migrants coming from the same place moving to a new area

Net-In-Migration

If a place has more immigrants (Moving into it) than emigrants (leaving it), the place has net-in-migration

Net-Out Migration

Occurs when a place has more emigrants than immigrants

Immigration

People moving in to a place

Emigration

People leaving a place

Migration Counterstream

Where there is a migration stream, there is a migration counter-stream of people moving back to the place of origin

Push Factors

The negative influences that make a person want to move away. For example: Poor economic conditions, high taxes, high crime rates, abusive governments, bad weather

Pull Factors

Positive influences that pull a person toward a particular place

Intervening Opportunity

Occurs during a long journey when people encounter a place they like so much that it keep them from continuing on to their planned final destination

Intervening Obstacle

A barrier in a migratory journey that prevents the migrant from reaching planned final destination like finacial problems and immigration requirements

Forced Migration

Occurs when migrants are involuntarily pushed from their land. Example: largest forced migration was trans-atlantic slave trade

Refugee

People who have fled thier country of origin in order to escape persecution, violations of human rights, or armed conflict. International law: a refugee is a person who has crossed a international border out of fear

Asylum Seekers

Refugees who flee their home country and apply for asylum (protection from another country) from the abuses they were suffering in their home countries

Internally Displaced People (IDP)

Those who are forced to leave or abandon their homes but stay in their country

Remittances

Money many United States immigrants send to family members in thier home countries, This can help boost the local economies receiving the money as people have more spending funds

Brain Drain

When the most educated workers leave for more attractive destinations

Diaspora

Occurs when there is forced mass migration of an ethnic people from its homeland

Xenophobia

A fear or hatred of people who are perceived as different from oneself based on nationality, ethnicity, race, or religon