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Total Fertility Rate
The number of children predicted to be born to a women as she passes through her child-bearing years
Crude Death Rate (CDR)
Number of deaths per 1,000 people in a region
Epidemiological
As a country develops, the types of diseases causing death tend to shift from contagious to cronic
Density
Number of people in a particular land area, can be studied across all scales global, regional, national, local
Doubling Time
The amount of time needed for the population to double in size
Crude Birth Rate CBR
Number of births per 1,000 people in a region
Pro-natalist Policies (expance policies)
By a goverment to promote reproduction and bigger families
Physialogical Density
Reveals the population pressure on arable land
Population Pyramid
Used by geographers to evaluate the distribution of ages and gender in a given population
Sex Ration
The proportion of males to females. It is often measured as the number of males per 100 females.
Aging Population
The more top-heavy the pyramid, the higher the percentage of elderly people in the population
Age Structure
The distribution of people’s ages in a population
Rate of Natural Increase (RNI)
Growth rate of a population, exluding immigration and emigration, exptessed per 1,000 people in the population being analyzed. (Calcuated by subtrating CDR and CBR)
Positive Checks on Population Growth
Intentianel to prevent population growth
Clustered
Another word used by geographers to describe places with high-density gradients
Negative Checks on Population Growth
Disatrous responces to unchecked population growth such as starvation and widespread disease
Overpopulation
Occurs when a region’s population outgrows it’s carrying capacity
Concentrated Gradient
High density gradient
Dispersed Gradiant
Low density gradiant
Anti-Natalist Policies
Discourage reproduction, try to delay reproduction until older years, and try to reproduce population growth rates
Aruthmetic Density (Population Density)
The total number of people divided by the total land area
Infrastructure
Refers to support systems in a region, including housing, police forced, roads, education, food, and health
Carrying Capacity
The number of peope the area can sustain or support
Demograhic Transition Model (DTM)
A geographic model that explains and predicts changes in population growth
Agricultural Density
The number of farmers per unit of farmable land
Thomas Mathus
A british theorist who in 1798 asserted an essay on the Principle of Population- that the world’s population growth would exceed it’s carrying capacity in response to rapid population growth during western Europe’s industrialization
Arable Land
Frequently considered the only land feasible for human activities, at least without a lot of expensive investment
Distribution
Distribution of a population is the pattern of people across earth’s surface
Cohort
A group of people of the same age range
Dependency Ratio
A tool used to analyze the workforce and age distribution in a country
Non-Dependents
People between 15-64 because they usually can support themselves
Dependents
People who are either older or younger than the working group. They depend on the non-dependents for survival
Migration
The process of permanently moving from a home region and crossing an admintrative border or boundry
Voluntary Migration
Occurs when people have an option to migrate or not
Chain Migration
Occurs when people migrate to be with other people who have migrated before them and with whom they feel some connection like family or religion
Transhumance
A form of nomadism, a form of voluntary migration. The movement of livestock among different locations and the subsequent following of the herd by livestock farmers
Guest Workers
Workers temporarily allowed into a country on work permits, voluntary migration
Step Migration
Describes the pattern of migrating occuring step by step, as when people in the farmlands migrate into urban cneters. Occurs when migrants move.
Internal Migration
Occurs when a migrant doesn’t cross an administrative boundary, but moves within a eopolitical entity
Migration Stream
A migration stream or path from a place of origin to a destination, often develops because of exchanges of imformation among migrants coming from the same place moving to a new area
Net-In-Migration
If a place has more immigrants (Moving into it) than emigrants (leaving it), the place has net-in-migration
Net-Out Migration
Occurs when a place has more emigrants than immigrants
Immigration
People moving in to a place
Emigration
People leaving a place
Migration Counterstream
Where there is a migration stream, there is a migration counter-stream of people moving back to the place of origin
Push Factors
The negative influences that make a person want to move away. For example: Poor economic conditions, high taxes, high crime rates, abusive governments, bad weather
Pull Factors
Positive influences that pull a person toward a particular place
Intervening Opportunity
Occurs during a long journey when people encounter a place they like so much that it keep them from continuing on to their planned final destination
Intervening Obstacle
A barrier in a migratory journey that prevents the migrant from reaching planned final destination like finacial problems and immigration requirements
Forced Migration
Occurs when migrants are involuntarily pushed from their land. Example: largest forced migration was trans-atlantic slave trade
Refugee
People who have fled thier country of origin in order to escape persecution, violations of human rights, or armed conflict. International law: a refugee is a person who has crossed a international border out of fear
Asylum Seekers
Refugees who flee their home country and apply for asylum (protection from another country) from the abuses they were suffering in their home countries
Internally Displaced People (IDP)
Those who are forced to leave or abandon their homes but stay in their country
Remittances
Money many United States immigrants send to family members in thier home countries, This can help boost the local economies receiving the money as people have more spending funds
Brain Drain
When the most educated workers leave for more attractive destinations
Diaspora
Occurs when there is forced mass migration of an ethnic people from its homeland
Xenophobia
A fear or hatred of people who are perceived as different from oneself based on nationality, ethnicity, race, or religon
