1 - Epidemiology

what is epidemiology

-the study of how often diseases occur in different people and why

how can epidemiological information be used?

-helps plan and evaluate illness prevention strategies

-acts as guide for managing patients who already have a developed disease

what factors contribute to each cancer statistic?

-may include physiological, behavioural, or societal reasons

-may be simple or complex

what is the HDI? what is it used for?

-the Human Development Index, created by the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP)

-assess the overall well-being and development of countries

what 3 dimensions of human development are incorporated in the HDI?

1. health: life expectancy at birth

2. education: mean years of schooling of adults >/= to 25 yrs & expected years of schooling for children entering school age

3. standard of living: assesed by Gross National Income & Purchasing Power Parity

what do trends say about cancer by development status

- ⬆ age = ⬆ risk of cancer

- population living longer = ⬆ risk of cancer

- ⬆ developed countries = ⬆research, screening, directing, reporting

how might cancer incidence differ between age groups in canada

-cancer is inheretly a disease of aging

-aging= accumluation of risk factors

• older adults tend to be less active

• early smoking ages meaning longer exposure

what are the sex differences in cancer incidence?

45% male, 44% female, 45% for both

what is a trend seen from cancer incidence by province? what are the potential modifiable risk factors?

-cancer incidence increases going from west to east

-factors include diet, smoking, obesity, PA

what does the age-standardized rate graph display?

same incidence + ↓ mortality

• amount of Canadians living with cancer

what are the cancer mortality rates between sexes?

24% M, 21% F, 22% both

how might age increase cause increased mortality rates from cancer?

- cancer spreads from vital organs

-most likely lungs due to circulatory system

what is a large influence in survival rates?

finding the cancer early!

• cancer becomes difficult to treat in later stages as it spreads to organs

• surgery is no longer an option, requiring palative care

takeaway point: increasing PA… (2)

-↓ adiposity = ↓ oestrogens and androgens, ↓ altered adipocytokines = ↓ risk of cancer

-better sleep = better immune function

key takeaway from protein years of lost life

regardless, cancer will always have 10-15%

what are the takeaways from cancer costs post-diagnosis

-initial care is most costly

-maintaining cancer is cheaper

what does the pre-diagnosis timeline involve?

prescreening (prevention)

screening (detection

what does the pre-diagnosis timeline involve?

pre-Tx (Tx prep)

treatment/Tx (Tx effectiveness + Tx recovery and secondary prevention)

end of life (Palliation + Survival)