AP US History Chapter 8- The Market Revolution

DeWitt Clinton

________ (governor of NY) took lead, and succeeded despite doubts- the "river of gold "flowed along the Erie Canal after opening in 1825.

Canals

________ enabled speedier and less expensive transport of goods and people.

Transportation improvements

________ were financed by both state governments and private investors- the national government bought stock in turnpike and canal companies, awarded land grants to several western states to support canal and railroad projects, and sent federal cavalry troops to "pacify "Indians along railroad routes.

Pony Express Company

1860- ________ delivered mail between Missouri and Sacramento, CA (at that time, CA had a large amount of population, and needed faster connections to the rest of the nation.

Flats

________ (barges propelled by men using long poles brought goods and people down the Ohio and Mississippi Rivers.

Henry Wells

________ and William Fargo formed an express delivery service called the Wells Fargo & Company in 1852- stagecoaches delivered passengers, mail, m, and strongboxes (of gold) across CA, eventually coast to coast.

market economy

The ________ needed internal improvements- deeper harbors, lighthouse es, a national network of canals, bridges, roads, and railroads to improve the flow of goods across states and oceans.

Indian attacks

Dangerous journey- climate, environment, ________ on stations- their horses could outrun Indian horses.

Stephen A Douglas

1850 congressional land grant- In 1850, ________ convinced Congress to provide a major land grant to support a north- south rail line connecting Chicago and Alabama.

18th century

most Americans = were farm folk, within a "household economy" = produced a little more than enough to survive and use for themselves (rest for bartering with neighbors)

19th century

more farm families partook in commercial, instead of subsistence agriculture- producing surplus crops and livestock to sell for cash in regional and international markets

Before the 19th century

travel was slow, uncomfortable, and expensive (horse-drawn carriage -> long travel times = farm products only sold locally, before they spoiled)

Coach lines began using continual relays (stages) of fresh horses available every -40 miles (stagecoaches made travel faster, less expensive, and more accessible

became faster as roads improved)

New Roads

as settlers moved west, people demanded better roads

1821

more turnpikes, stagecoach & freight companies = move more people at lower rates

1820s

Turnpike boom => advances in water transportation

Problem

Only went in one direction, downstream; when unloaded in New Orleans or Natchez, MI they were sold and dismantled to provide lumber for construction

Getting back upriver was solved when Robert Fulton and Robert Livingston sent the Clermont (the first commercial steamboat) up the Hudson River from NYC

took a quarter of the time of a sailing vessel

Two-way travel to MI River Valley

transcontinental market and commercial agricultural empire that produced much of the nations cotton, timber, wheat, corn, cattle, and hogs

New Orleans grew even faster

its population grew 10x since acquired from France, perhaps the wealthiest American city bc thriving trade with Caribbean islands and new Latin American republicans that overthrew Spanish rule, a cotton production explosion

Speeded up the market revolution

the Erie Canal in NY connected the Great Lakes and Midwest to the Hudson River and NYC

DeWitt Clinton (governor of NY) took lead, and succeeded despite doubts

the "river of gold" flowed along the Erie Canal after opening in 1825

Longest canal in the world

was built by thousands of laborers (mostly German and Irish immigrants underpaid to drain swamps, clear forests, build stone bridges & aqueducts, and blast through solid rock)

Canal brought lumber, grain, and flour and unlocked floodgates of western settlement, quicker transport of goods, reduced cost of moving a ton of freight

extremely profitable

An advantage over canals

10mph, could travel in winter (canals could not operate when frozen)

Negative effects

quick and shady profits -> political corruption (bribed legislators to pass legislation favorable to their corporations); facilitated access to trans-Appalachian West-> decline of Native American culture; increased tempo, mobility, and noise of everyday life (the whistle)

1845

launch of the first clipper ship (the Rainbow)

Importance increased after the discovery of gold in California (1848)- thousands of prospectors and entrepreneurs from the Atlantic seaboard (Boston/Ny to San Francisco, needed to go around South Americas s dangerous Cape horn)

faster travel (123 days)

New Steam-powered printing presses reduced the costs of newspapers (became the  "penny press" for 1 cent newspapers)

sparse in new western states and territories

Henry Wells and William Fargo formed an express delivery service called the Wells Fargo & Company in 1852

stagecoaches delivered passengers, mail,m, and strongboxes (of gold) across CA, eventually coast to coast

1860

Pony Express Company delivered mail between Missouri and Sacramento, CA (at that time, CA had a large amount of population, and needed faster connections to the rest of the nation

Triggered many changes

helped railroad operators schedule trains more precisely, thus avoiding collisions

Transportation improvements were financed by both state governments and private investors

the national government bought stock in turnpike and canal companies, awarded land grants to several western states to support canal and railroad projects, and sent federal cavalry troops to "pacify" Indians along railroad routes

1850 congressional land grant

In 1850, Stephen A> Douglas convinced Congress to provide a major land grant to support a north-south rail line connecting Chicago and Alabama

Cons

________- lacked space for cargo or passengers.

NE

movement for paved roads after Philadelphia Lancaster Turnpike opened in 1794 (admit traffic in exchange for fees)

Railroads

more versatile

Cons

lacked space for cargo or passengers