chapter 4

two types of knowledge representation that process information once it has been perceived and has entered the cognitive system?

perception-based representations and meaning-based representations.

where do mental representations occur?

occur in the absence of the appropriate external stimuli.

perception-based representations (mental imagery)

mental representations that preserve much of the structure of the original perceptual experience

able to create mental picture of your workplace, etc

meaning-based representations (knowledge based)

mental representations that retain the gist of events and discard most of the detail.

(thinking about graduation but not realizing the small details that you have to do to get there)

In verbal imagery, are verbal and visual imagery alike?

Different parts of the brain are involved in verbal & visual imagery, and they represent

and process info differently. Brain-imaging studies indicate same regions are involved in perception & mental imagery.

(if you think of an apple, verbal brain areas become active. if you picture an apple, the visual brain areas are active)

Santa (1977) experiment to compare visual and verbal mental processing

Visual mental images preserve spatial relationships, while verbal representations do not. Visual imagery preserves spatial structure (shapes recognized faster in the original layout). Verbal imagery is stored sequentially (words recognized faster in a straight line

what do cognitive maps help us with?

imagine spatial representations/help remember the spatial structure of environment.

(think of being able to mentally draw a layout of the grocery store)

How do we progress from route maps to survey maps?

route maps are declarative and are paths to/ survey maps are implicit and you need to experience it to build it/whole image

Is imagined verbal information processed in similar ways that perceptual verbal information is processed?

Mental representation depends on the way physical ('real') information is represented in

the system: Imagery uses the same code as perception.

(imagining you are at a beach. even though you are not physically there, your mental imagery feels similar to the real experience.)

mental imagery (example). AKA?

also perception-based representation/mental representations that preserve the structure of the original perceptual experience.

(thinking of a Taylor Swift song and remembering the beat, rhythm, and lyrics)

mental rotation (example).

the process of continuously transforming the orientation of a mental image.

(reversing into a parking spot. you have to see how much you need to turn the wheel and you imagine the final position)

cognitive maps (example).

Mental representations of the location of objects and places in the environment.

(being able to find your bed in the dark. you don't have to see, you just have to remember)

route maps (example)..

Representation of the environment consisting of the paths between locations.

(walking to the classroom. your brain remembers the path so you don't get lost)

survey maps (example)

Integration of route maps in a combined spatial image of the environment.

(finding your way to the Oakland Center. using different routes helps your brain make a big map to get around.)

verbal imagery (example).

verbal mental representations as related to reading or hearing words, sentences.

example would be when you are reading a book and you can hear the characters voice in your conscious as you are reading.

visual imagery (example).

visual mental representations as related to visual perception.

example would be navigating your house in the dark, you cant see the furniture but you can mentally picture it there.

1) T OR F: verbal & visual information are represented in similar ways.

1) true

2) T OR F: mental rotation is the process if continuously transforming the orientation of a mental image.

2) true

3) T OR F: mental rotation happens instantaneously

3) false

4) T OR F: cognitive maps are just a representation of paths between locations.

4) false