Fluids CONCEPTS

1. circulation

2. transport

3. cellular activity

Fluid provide medium for: 3

fluid

provide medium for: 3

1. circulation

2. transport

3. cellular activity

electrolyte

regulate

1. electrical conducting

2. fluid distribution

3. muscle contraction

4. nerve impulse transmission

regulate

1. electrical conducting

2. fluid distribution

3. muscle contraction

4. nerve impulse transmission

electrolyte regulates: 4

electrolyte

charged mineral dissolved in the liquid

fluid and elec

work tgt for homeostasis

ELECTROLYTES

substance that ionizes on dissolving in solution;

ELECTROLYTES

some of its molecules split or dissociate into electrically charged atoms or ions.

ELECTROLYTES

break apart into IONS when dissolved in water

1. ion

2. molecule

3. atom

Properties of electrolytes and their components: 3

Atom

the smallest part of an element still has the element's properties.

Atom

composed of:

1. proton

2. neutron

3. electron

1. proton

2. neutron

3. electron

Atom

composed of

+ neural -

proton

neutron

electron

electron

surrounds nucleus

proton and neutron

in the atom’s nucleus, is + charged

Molecule:

Two or more atoms combine to form a substance.

ion

An atom carries an electrical charge because it has gained or lost electrons.

cation

An ion that has given away or lost electrons, therefore carries a positive charge.

anion

An ion that has gained electrons, therefore carries a negative charge.

1. cation

2. anion

2 electrolyte

• fluid - liters and milliliters

• electrolyte - milliequivalent (mEq)

ELECTROLYTES

Measurement:

• fluid

• electrolyte

1 mEq

cation

1 mEq

anion

_____ of any ___ react chemically with _____ with an ___

milliequivalent

provide info about num of anion/cation available to combine with other cation/anion

body fluid compartment

Fluid in each of the body compartments contains electrolytes. Each compartment has a particular composition of electrolytes, which differs from that of other compartments.

semi permeable membrane

body compartment separated by

the same

number of cation and anionb must be :

Intravascular compartment:

Refers to fluid inside a blood vessel.

Extracellular compartment:

Refers to fluid outside the cells

Extracellular compartment:

lymph, bone, connective tissue, water and transcellular fluid

Intracellular compartment:

Refers to all fluid inside the cells.

1. intracellular fluid

2. extracellular fluid

• intravascular f

• interstitial f

• transcellular f

major body fluid compartment and yung SUB

THIRD-SPACING

DUE TO DISEASE OR INJURY, THE ACCUMULATION AND SEQUESTRATION OF TRAPPED EXTRACELLULAR FLUID IN AN ACTUAL OR POTENTIAL BODY SPACE.

THIRD-SPACING

THE TRAPPED FLUID REPRESENTS A VOLUME LOSS AND IS UNAVAILABLE FOR NORMAL PHYSIOLOGICAL PROCESSES.

• IO

• WT CHANGE

assessing intravascular fluid caused by 3rd spacing is NOT SEEN IN 2

intravascular fluid caused by 3rd spacing

may not be aparent until malfunction

1. pericardial

2. pleural

3. peritoneal

4. bowel

5. abd

6. within soft tissues after burns/trauma

fluid may be trapped in body spaces 6

1. localized edema

2. generalized edema

2 types of edema

1. localized edema

occurs as a result of traumatic accident, inj or surgery, burns

generalized edema

excessive accumulation of fluid in the interstitial space THROUGHOUT THE BODY

generalized edema

occurs as a result of cardiac/renal condition, liver failure

EDEMA

An excess accumulation of fluid in the interstitial space ; occurs as a result of alterations in oncotic pressure, hydrostatic pressure, capillary permeability, and lymphatic obstruction .

1. interstitial space

2. oncotic pressure

3. hydrostatic pressure

4. capillary permeability

5. lymphatic obstruction .

EDEMA

An excess accumulation of fluid in the ____ as a result of (4)

interstitial oncotic pressure

small amount of protein within interstitium and forces some fluid out of capillary wall

Interstitium

contiguous fluid space that that exist between:

1. structural barrier (cell membrane, skin)

2. internal structure (organ, muscle, circulatory system)

1. structural barrier (cell membrane, skin)

2. internal structure (organ, muscle, circulatory system)

Interstitium

contiguous fluid space that that exist between:

BODY FLUID

transport nutrients to the cells and carry waste products from the cells

intracellular and extracellular

Total body fluid 2

60

55

80

Total body fluid

adult

older adult

kiddo

1. water

2. dissolved substances

BODY FLUID consists of 2

water

largest single fluid constituent of the body is

diffusion

The process whereby a solute (a substance that is dissolved) may spread through a solution or solvent (solution in which the solute is dissolved).

diffusion

a solute spreads the molecules from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration.

Osmosis

The movement of solvent molecules across a membrane in response to a concentration gradient, usually from a solution of lower to one of higher solute concentration.

Osmosis

force that draws the solvent from a less concentrated solute through a selectively permeable membrane into a m

permeable mem

allows subs to pass without restriction

semi permeable

also presents some solute from passing freely and OCCURS ON COMPARTMEMT

OSMOTIC PRESSURE

draw water to membrane to low concentrated side to high concentrated side

Filtration:

The movement of solutes and solvents by hydrostatic pressure. The movement is from an area of higher pressure to an area of lower pressure.

Hydrostatic pressure:

The force exerted by the weight of a solution. When a difference exists in the hydrostatic pressure on two sides of a membrane, water, and diffusible solutes move out of the solution that has the higher hydrostatic pressure by the process of filtration.

Osmolality:

Refers to the number of osmotically active particles per kilogram of water; it is the concentration of a solution. In the body, osmotic pressure is measured in milliosmoles (mOsm)

milliosmoles (mOsm).

osmotic pressure is measured in

275 - 295 mOsm/kg

milliosmoles (mOsm). NORMAL

lymph channels

returns fluid in interstitial spaces to intravascular compartment

• cell membranes

• capillary walls

• selectively permeable

• water

• solute free passage

_______ and _________ separate body compartments. Cell membranes are _______ that is, the cell membrane and the capillary wall allow ____ and some ________ through them.

Isotonic Solutions:

When the solutions on both sides of a selectively permeable membrane have established equilibrium or are equal in concentrations,

Isotonic Solutions:

same osmolality as body fluids.

ns (0.9 sodium CL)

isotonic solutions

HYPOTONIC SOLUTIONS

WHEN A SOLUTION CONTAINS A LOWER CONCENTRATION OF SALT OR SOLUTE THAN ANOTHER, MORE CONCENTRATED SOLUTION, IT IS CONSIDERED HYPOTONIC. HAS LESS SALT OR MORE WATER THAN AN ISOTONIC SOLUTION; THESE SOLUTIONS HAVE LOWER OSMOLALITY THAN BODY FLUIDS.

HYPERTONIC SOLUTIC

A SOLUTION THAT HAS A HIGHER CONCENTRATION OF SOLUTES THAN ANOTHER, LESS CONCENTRATED SOLUTION IS HYPERTONIC; THESE SOLUTIONS HAVE A HIGHER OSMOLALITY THAN BODY FLUIDS.

more water and less solute compared to cells

hypotonic solutions are anything with

• distilled watre

• .45 saline

• .25 saline

hypotonic solutions example 3

20 or 23.4 soluion

most common hypertonic solutions 2

hypertonic

naturally occuring body substances with not molec toxicity

1. glucose

2. chloride

3. sodium

naturally ocurring body substance in hypertonic

OSMOTIC PRESSURE

THE AMOUNT OF ___________ IS DETERMINED BY THE CONCENTRATION OF SOLUTES IN THE SOLUTION.

ISOTONIC

WHEN THE SOLUTIONS ON EACH SIDE OF A SELECTIVELY PERMEABLE ARE EQUAL IN CONCENTRATION

ACTIVE TRANSPORT

IF AN ION IS TO MOVE THROUGH A MEMBRANE FROM AN AREA OF LOWER CONCENTRATION TO AN AREA OF HIGHER CONCENTRATION, AN ACTIVE TRANSPORT SYSTEM IS NECESSARY.

cell metabolism

GENERATES ATP

Body fluid intake:

water enters the body through three sources: ingested liquids, water in foods, and water formed by oxidation of foods.

kidney

play a major role in regulating fluid and electrolyte balance and excrete the largest quantity of fluid.

fluid and electrolyte imbalance.

he patient with diarrhea is at high risk for a

1. sensible

2. insensible

2 loses of the body

1. water loss thru skin

2. water loss by persperation acc to (temp, env, body)

3. water lost thru lungs varies acc to (rate, depth of respi)

3 insensible loss

GI

Extracellular fluid

large quantity of water is secreted in ____ and returned to _____

Homeostasis

indicates the relative stability of the internal environment. The concentration and composition of body fluids must be nearly constant

kidney

lay a major role in controlling balance in fluid and electrolytes.

cardiovascular

respiratory

neurological

musculoskeletal

renal

integumentary

gastrointestinal status.

If the patient has a fluid or an electrolyte imbalance, the nurse must closely monitor the patient’s 7

deficit ; food, water IV

excess fluid : theraphy is directed towards assisting body to remove Excess

INTERVENTION FOR

deficit

excess fluid

adrenal gland

secretes aldosterone

adrenal gland

aid control of ECF by regulating amt of sodium reabsorbed by kidney

• anti diuretic

• pituitary gland

• osmotic pressure

• ECF

• water

• kidney

_______ hormone in ___ regulates ______ of ______ by regulating the amount of ____ reabsorbed by ____