Demographic Transition Model Flashcards

Flashcards covering key concepts related to the Demographic Transition Model and country-specific examples.

Stage 2 of the Demographic Transition Model (DTM)

Characterized by high birth rates and declining death rates, resulting in rapid population growth.

Niger's Birth Rate

Extremely high (over 40 births per 1,000 people).

Niger's Death Rate

Declining, but still moderately high due to limited healthcare.

Niger's Fertility Rate

Highest in the world — around 6.7 children per woman.

Niger's Population Growth Rate

Very high (over 3% annually).

Niger's Life Expectancy

Rising slowly (about 62 years), but still below global average.

High Fertility Norms in Niger

Cultural and religious norms strongly favor large families; low use of contraception and early marriage contribute to very high fertility.

Improving Mortality Rates in Niger

Basic healthcare, vaccinations, and sanitation have improved, causing death rates — especially infant mortality — to fall.

Low Urbanization and Industrialization in Niger

Niger remains largely rural and underdeveloped, with limited education (especially for girls) reinforcing high fertility.

Demographic Pressure in Niger

Rapid population growth strains schools, healthcare, food supply, and jobs.

Delayed Transition in Niger

Without significant investments in education (especially for women) and better access to family planning, Niger may remain in Stage 2 for a prolonged period.

Stage 3 of the Demographic Transition Model (DTM)

Characterized by a declining birth rate, a low death rate, and slowing population growth.

Pakistan's Birth Rate

Falling, but still relatively high (~26 births per 1,000 people).

Pakistan's Death Rate

Low (~6 deaths per 1,000 people).

Pakistan's Fertility Rate

Declining, currently around 3.3 children per woman.

Pakistan's Life Expectancy

Rising, currently around 67 years.

Pakistan's Population Growth Rate

Slowing but still significant (~1.9% per year).

Declining Fertility in Pakistan

Increased access to family planning and contraception, growing awareness of the economic burden of large families, and government/NGO campaigns promoting smaller families.

Urbanization and Education in Pakistan

More people are moving to cities, where living costs are higher, and literacy rates are improving (especially among women).

Economic Development (Moderate) in Pakistan

Pakistan is a lower-middle-income country; economic pressures are encouraging families to have fewer children.

Cultural and Religious Influences in Pakistan

Still a major factor keeping fertility higher than in more advanced Stage 3 countries, with some resistance to contraception and reproductive education in rural areas.

Healthcare Improvements in Pakistan

Better access to vaccines and maternal care have decreased death rates and infant mortality.

Youthful Population in Pakistan

A large percentage of the population is under 25, maintaining population growth due to population momentum.

Pressure on Infrastructure in Pakistan

Education, healthcare, and employment systems are under strain.

Potential for Demographic Dividend in Pakistan

If Pakistan invests in education and job creation, it could benefit from its large working-age population.

Stage 4 of the Demographic Transition Model (DTM)

Both birth and death rates are low, and population growth is slow or nearing zero.

Brazil's Birth Rate

Low (~12 births per 1,000 people).

Brazil's Death Rate

Low (~6 deaths per 1,000 people).

Brazil's Fertility Rate

Around 1.7 children per woman — below replacement level.

Brazil's Life Expectancy

High (~76 years).

Brazil's Population Growth Rate

Very low (less than 0.7% annually and declining).

Falling Fertility Rate in Brazil

Increased access to contraception and family planning, widespread urbanization, and women delaying childbirth.

Improved Education and Gender Equality in Brazil

Higher female literacy and education levels, with more women in the workforce.

Urbanization and Economic Development in Brazil

Over 85% of Brazilians live in urban areas, where smaller family sizes and better healthcare are common.

Healthcare Improvements in Brazil

Major reductions in infant mortality and universal healthcare (SUS) improving life expectancy.

Cultural Shifts in Brazil

Changing family values with more emphasis on personal and career goals and acceptance of smaller families.

Aging Population in Brazil

Increased demand for elderly care and pension systems.

Shrinking Workforce in Brazil

Fewer young people entering the labor force could affect long-term economic growth.

Low Replacement Rate in Brazil

Continued decline in fertility could lead to population decline if not offset by immigration.

Stage 4 (and possibly transitioning toward Stage 5) of the Demographic Transition Model (DTM)

Marked by very low birth and death rates, stable or declining natural population growth, and an aging population.

Canada's Birth Rate

Very low (~10 births per 1,000 people).

Canada's Death Rate

Low, but slightly higher than the birth rate (~9 deaths per 1,000 people).

Canada's Fertility Rate

1.4 children per woman, well below the replacement level of 2.1.

Canada's Life Expectancy

High (around 83 years).

Canada's Population Growth Rate

Low natural growth, but overall growth is sustained by immigration.

Low Fertility in Canada

Women are having fewer children, later in life, due to the high cost of living and widespread access to education and contraception.

Aging Population in Canada

A large proportion of the population is over 65, leading to declining workforce participation.

High Life Expectancy and Healthcare Quality in Canada

A strong public health system and high living standards contribute to long life expectancy.

Urbanization and Socioeconomic Development in Canada

Over 80% of Canadians live in urban areas, and high education levels correlate with lower fertility.

Immigration-Driven Growth in Canada

Canada relies heavily on immigration to offset labor shortages and population aging.

Labor Shortages in Canada

A shrinking working-age population could challenge economic growth.

Rising Dependency Ratio in Canada

More elderly people relative to workers strains social services and public pensions.

Immigration Importance in Canada

Canada relies heavily on immigration to sustain population growth and economic vitality.

Potential for Stage 5 in Canada

If fertility stays low and immigration doesn’t keep up, Canada could eventually face population decline.

Stage 5 of the Demographic Transition Model (DTM)

A country experiences very low birth rates, low death rates, and a shrinking population due to natural decrease.

Japan's Birth Rate

Extremely low (~6.5 births per 1,000 people).

Japan's Death Rate

Low, but higher than birth rate (~11 per 1,000 people).

Japan's Fertility Rate

~1.3 children per woman (well below replacement level of 2.1).

Japan's Life Expectancy

Very high (~84 years).

Japan's Population Growth

Negative natural growth (population is declining).

Very Low Fertility in Japan

Economic pressures, high cost of living, and long working hours contribute to delayed marriage and parenthood.

Aging Population in Japan

One of the oldest populations globally — about 30% are over 65.

High Life Expectancy in Japan

Advanced healthcare and healthy lifestyles keep death rates low, but an aging population leads to more deaths than births.

Minimal Immigration in Japan

Japan has tight immigration controls, limiting the potential to offset population decline.

Population Decline Implications in Japan

Shrinking workforce and rising dependency ratio.

Economic Pressure in Japan

Slower economic growth and higher social welfare costs.

Policy Challenges in Japan

Japan is trying to encourage higher birth rates and more labor participation, with limited success.